Novel Heteroaromatic Inhibitors of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase

ABSTRACT

Novel FBPase inhibitors of the formula I and X  
                 
are useful in the treatment of diabetes and other conditions associated with elevated blood glucose.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 11/742,023, filed Apr. 30, 2007 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/636,474, filed Aug. 6, 2003, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/231,953, filed Aug. 30, 2002, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/389,698, filed Sep. 3, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,489,476, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/135,504, filed Sep. 9, 1998 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/111,077, filed Dec. 7, 1998, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, including all figures and tables.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION Background and Introduction to the Invention

The following description of the background of the invention is provided to aid in understanding the invention, but is not admitted to be, or to describe, prior art to the invention. All cited publications are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world today. Diabetic patients have been divided into two classes, namely type I or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and type II or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). NIDDM accounts for approximately 90% of all diabetics and is estimated to affect 12-14 million adults in the U.S. alone (6.6% of the population). NIDDM is characterized by both fasting hyperglycemia and exaggerated postprandial increases in plasma glucose levels. NIDDM is associated with a variety of long-term complications, including microvascular diseases such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, and macrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease. Numerous studies in animal models demonstrate a causal relationship between long term hyperglycemia and complications. Results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the Stockholm Prospective Study demonstrate this relationship for the first time in man by showing that insulin-dependent diabetics with tighter glycemic control are at substantially lower risk for the development and progression of these complications. Tighter control is also expected to benefit NIDDM patients.

Current therapies used to treat NIDDM patients entail both controlling lifestyle risk factors and pharmaceutical intervention. First-line therapy for NIDDM is typically a tightly-controlled regimen of diet and exercise since an overwhelming number of NIDDM patients are overweight or obese (67%) and since weight loss can improve insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and lead to normoglycemia. Normalization of blood glucose occurs in less than 30% of these patients due to poor compliance and poor response. Patients with hyperglycemia not controlled by diet alone are subsequently treated with oral hypoglycemics or insulin. Until recently, the sulfonylureas were the only class of oral hypoglycemic agents available for NIDDM. Treatment with sulfonylureas leads to effective blood glucose lowering in only 70% of patients and only 40% after 10 years of therapy. Patients that fail to respond to diet and sulfonylureas are subsequently treated with daily insulin injections to gain adequate glycemic control.

Although the sulfonylureas represent a major therapy for NIDDM patients, four factors limit their overall success. First, as mentioned above, a large segment of the NIDDM population do not respond adequately to sulfonylurea therapy (i.e. primary failures) or become resistant (i.e. secondary failures). This is particularly true in NIDDM patients with advanced NIDDM since these patients have severely impaired insulin secretion. Second, sulfonylurea therapy is associated with an increased risk of severe hypoglycemic episodes. Third, chronic hyperinsulinemia has been associated with increased cardiovascular disease although this relationship is considered controversial and unproven. Last, sulfonylureas are associated with weight gain, which leads to worsening of peripheral insulin sensitivity and thereby can accelerate the progression of the disease.

Results from the U.K. Diabetes Prospective Study also showed that patients undergoing maximal therapy of a sulfonylurea, metformin, or a combination of the two, were unable to maintain normal fasting glycemia over the six year period of the study. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 16. Diabetes, 44:1249-158 (1995). These results further illustrate the great need for alternative therapies.

Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and other 3-carbon precursors is a highly regulated biosynthetic pathway requiring eleven enzymes. Seven enzymes catalyze reversible reactions and are common to both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Four enzymes catalyze reactions unique to gluconeogenesis, namely pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Overall flux through the pathway is controlled by the specific activities of these enzymes, the enzymes that catalyzed the corresponding steps in the glycolytic direction, and by substrate availability. Dietary factors (glucose, fat) and hormones (insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoids, epinephrine) coordinatively regulate enzyme activities in the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways through gene expression and post-translational mechanisms.

Of the four enzymes specific to gluconeogenesis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (hereinafter “FBPase”) is the most suitable target for a gluconeogenesis inhibitor based on efficacy and safety considerations. Studies indicate that nature uses the FBPase/PFK cycle as a major control point (metabolic switch) responsible for determining whether metabolic flux proceeds in the direction of glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. Claus, et al., Mechanisms of Insulin Action, Belfrage, P. editor, pp. 305-321, Elsevier Science 1992; Regen, et al. J. Theor. Biol. 111:635-658 (1984); Pilkis, et al. Annu. Rev, Biochem, 57:755-783 (1988). FBPase is inhibited by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in the cell. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate binds to the substrate site of the enzyme. AMP binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme.

Synthetic inhibitors of FBPase have also been reported. McNiel reported that fructose-2,6-bisphosphate analogs inhibit FBPase by binding to the substrate site. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106:7851-7853 (1984); U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,790 (1984). These compounds, however, were relatively weak and did not inhibit glucose production in hepatocytes presumably due to poor cell penetration.

Gruber reported that some nucleosides can lower blood glucose in the whole animal through inhibition of FBPase. These compounds exert their activity by first undergoing phosphorylation to the corresponding monophosphate. EP 0 427 799 B1.

Gruber et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,889 described the use of inhibitors of the AMP site of FBPase to treat diabetes. WO 98/39344, WO/39343, and WO 98/39342 describe specific inhibitors of FBPase to treat diabetes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed towards novel heteroaromatic compounds containing a phosphonate group and are potent FBPase inhibitors. In another aspect, the present invention is directed to the preparation of this type of compound and to the in vitro and in vivo FBPase inhibitory activity of these compounds. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to the clinical use of these FBPase inhibitors as a method of treatment or prevention of diseases responsive to inhibition of gluconeogenesis and in diseases responsive to lowered blood glucose levels.

The compounds are also useful in treating or preventing excess glycogen storage diseases and diseases such as cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemic injury, and diseases such as metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia which are exacerbated by hyperinsulinema and hyperglycemia.

The invention also comprises the novel compounds and methods of using them as specified below in formulae I and X. Also included in the scope of the present invention are prodrugs of the compounds of formulae I and X.

Since these compounds may have asymmetric centers, the present invention is directed not only to racemic mixtures of these compounds, but also to individual stereoisomers. The present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable and/or useful salts of the compounds of formulae I and X, including acid addition salts. The present inventions also encompass prodrugs of compounds of formulae I and X.

DEFINITIONS

In accordance with the present invention and as used herein, the following terms are defined with the following meanings, unless explicitly stated otherwise.

X and X² group nomenclature as used herein in formulae I and X describes the group attached to the phosphonate and ends with the group attached to the heteroaromatic ring. For example, when X is alkylamino, the following structure is intended: (heteroaromatic ring)-NR-alk-P(O)(OR¹)₂

Likewise, A, B, C, D, E, A″, B″, C″, D″, E″, A², L², E², and J² groups and other substituents of the heteroaromatic ring are described in such a way that the term ends with the group attached to the heteroaromatic ring. Generally, substituents are named such that the term ends with the group at the point of attachment.

The term “aryl” refers to aromatic groups which have 5-14 ring atoms and at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups, all of which may be optionally substituted. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl and furan-2,5-diyl.

Carbocyclic aryl groups are groups wherein the ring atoms on the aromatic ring are carbon atoms. Carbocyclic aryl groups include monocyclic carbocyclic aryl groups and polycyclic or fused compounds such as optionally substituted naphthyl groups.

Heterocyclic aryl or heteroaryl groups are groups having from 1 to 4 heteroatoms as ring atoms in the aromatic ring and the remainder of the ring atoms being, carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and selendum. Suitable heteroaryl groups include furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, N-lower alkyl pyrrolyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, and the like, all optionally substituted.

The term “annulation” or “annulated” refers to the formation of an additional cyclic moiety onto an existing aryl or heteroaryl group. The newly formed ring may be carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and contains 2-9 new atoms of which 0-3 may be heteroatoms taken from the group of N, O, and S. The annulation may incorporate atoms from the X group as part of the newly formed ring. For example, the phrase “together L² and E² form an annulated cyclic group,” includes

The term “biaryl” represents aryl groups containing more than one aromatic ring including both fused ring systems and aryl groups substituted with other aryl groups. Such groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable biaryl groups include naphthyl and biphenyl.

The term “alicyclic” means compounds which combine the properties of aliphatic and cyclic compounds. Such cyclic compounds include but are not limited to, aromatic, cycloalkyl and bridged cycloalkyl compounds. The cyclic compound includes heterocycles, Cyclohexenylethyl and cyclohexylethyl are suitable alicyclic groups. Such groups may be optionally substituted.

The term “optionally substituted” or “substituted” includes groups substituted by one to four substituents, independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, lower alicyclic, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower aryloxy, perhaloalkoxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaralkoxy, azido, amino, guanidino, amidino, halo, lower alkylthio, oxo, acylalkyl, carboxy esters, carboxyl, carboxamido, nitro, acyloxy, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoaryl, alkylaryl, alkylaminoalkyl, alkoxyaryl, arylamino, aralkylamino, phosphono, sulfonyl, -carboxamidoalkylaryl, -carboxamidoaryl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, alkylaminoalkylcarboxy-, aminocarboxamidoalkyl-, cyano, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, and arylalkyloxyalkyl. “Substituted aryl” and “substituted heteroaryl” preferably refers to aryl and heteroaryl groups substituted with 1-3 substituents. Preferably these substituents are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, and amino. “Substituted” when describing an R⁵ group does not include annulation.

The term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group. Suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, picolyl, and the like, and may be optionally substituted. The term “-aralkyl-” refers to a divalent group -aryl-alkylene-. “Heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkylene group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

The term “-alkylaryl-” refers to the group -alk-aryl- where “alk” is an alkylene group. “Lower -alkylaryl-” refers to such groups where alkylene is lower alkylene.

The term “lower” referred to herein in connection with organic radicals or compounds respectively defines such as with up to and including 10, preferably up to and including 6, and advantageously one to four carbon atoms. Such groups may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic.

The terms “arylamino” (a), and “aralkylamino” (b), respectively, refer to the group —NRR′ wherein respectively, (a) R is aryl and R′ is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, and (b) R is aralkyl and R′ is hydrogen or aralkyl, aryl, alkyl.

The term “acyl” refers to —C(O)R where R is alkyl and aryl.

The term “carboxy esters” refers to —C(O)OR where R is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, all optionally substituted.

The term “carboxyl” refers to —C(O)OH.

The term “oxo” refers to ═O in an alkyl group.

The term “amino” refers to —NRR′ where R and R′ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alicyclic, all except H are optionally substituted; and R and R¹ can form a cyclic ring system.

The term “carbonylamino” and “-carbonylamino-” refers to RCON—R— and —CONR—, respectively, where each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to —F, —Cl, —Br and —I.

The term “-oxyalkylamino-” refers to —O-alk-NR—, where “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H or alkyl.

The term “-alkylaminoalkylcarboxy-” refers to the group -alk-NR-alk-C(O)—O— where “alk” is an alkylene group, and R is a H or lower alkyl.

The term “-alkylaminocarbonyl-” refers to the group -alk-NR—C(O)— where “alk” is an alkylene group, and R is a H or lower alkyl.

The term “-oxyalkyl-” refers to the group —O-alk- where “alk” is an alkylene group.

The term “-alkylcarboxyalkyl-” refers to the group -alk-C(O)—O-alk- where each alk is independently an alkylene group.

The term “alkyl” refers to saturated aliphatic groups including straight-chain, branched chain and cyclic groups. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkyl groups include methyl, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl.

The term “cyclic alkyl” or “cycloalkyl” refers to alkyl groups that are cyclic. Suitable cyclic groups include norbornyl and cyclopropyl. Such groups may be substituted.

The term “heterocyclic” and “heterocyclic alkyl” refer to cyclic groups of 3 to 10 atoms, more preferably 3 to 6 atoms, containing at least one heteroatom, preferably 1 to 3 heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Heterocyclic groups may be attached through a nitrogen or through a carbon atom in the ring. Suitable heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, morpholino, morpholinoethyl, and pyridyl.

The term “phosphono” refers to —PO₃R₂, where R is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

The term “sulphonyl” or “sulfonyl” refers to —SO₃R, where R is H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

The term “alkenyl” refers to unsaturated groups which contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkenyl groups include allyl. “1-alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups where the double bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1-alkenyl group is attached to another group, e.g. it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosph(oramid)ate, it is attached at the first carbon.

The term “alkynyl” refers to unsaturated groups which contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl. “1-alkynyl” refers to alkynyl groups where the triple bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1-alkynyl group is attached to another group, e.g. it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosph(oramid)ate, it is attached at the first carbon.

The term “alkylene” refers to a divalent straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated aliphatic group.

The term “-cycloalkylene-COOR³” refers to a divalent cyclic alkyl group or heterocyclic group containing 4 to 6 atoms in the ring, with 0-1 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S. The cyclic alkyl or heterocyclic group is substituted with —COOR³.

The term “acyloxy” refers to the ester group —O—C(O)R, where R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alicyclic.

The term “aminoalkyl-” refers to the group NR₂-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

The term “-alkyl(hydroxy)-” refers to an —OH off the alkyl chain. When this term is an X group, the —OH is at the position α to the phosphorus atom.

The term “alkylaminoalkyl-” refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk- wherein each “alk” is an independently selected alkylene, and R is H or lower alkyl. “Lower alkylaminoalkyl-” refers to groups where each alkylene group is lower alkylene.

The term “arylaminoalkyl-” refers to the group aryl-NR-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic. In “lower arylaminoalkyl-”, the alkylene group is lower alkylene.

The term “alkylaminoaryl-” refers to the group alkyl-NR-aryl- wherein “aryl” is a divalent group and R is H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic. In “lower alkylaminoaryl-”, the alkylene group is lower alkyl.

The term “alkyloxyaryl-” refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyloxy group. In “lower alkyloxyaryl-”, the alkyl group is lower alkyl.

The term “aryloxyalkyl-” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryloxy group.

The term “aralkyloxyalkyl-” refers to the group aryl-alk-O-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group. “Lower aralkyloxyalkyl-” refers to such groups where the alkylene groups are lower alkylene.

The term “-alkoxy-” or “-alkyloxy-” refers to the group -alk-O— wherein “alk” is an alkylene group. The term “alkoxy-” refers to the group alkyl-O—.

The term “-alkoxyalkyl-” or “-alkyloxyalkyl-” refer to the group -alk-O-alk- wherein each “alk” is an independently selected alkylene group. In “lower -alkoxyalkyl-”, each alkylene is lower alkylene.

The terms “alkylthio-” and “-alkylthio-” refer to the groups alkyl-S—, and -alk-S—, respectively, wherein “alk” is alkylene group.

The term “-alkylthioalkyl-” refers to the group -alk-S-alk- wherein each “alk” is an independently selected alkylene group. In “lower -alkylthioalkyl-” each alkylene is lower alkylene.

The term “alkoxycarbonyloxy-” refers to alkyl-O—C(O)—O—.

The term “aryloxycarbonyloxy-” refers to aryl-O—C(O)—O—.

The term “alkylthiocarbonyloxy-” refers to alkyl-S—C(O)—O—.

The term “-alkoxycarbonylamino-” refers to -alk-O—C(O)—NR¹—, where “alk” is alkylene and R¹ includes —H, alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl.

The term “-alkylanocarbonylamino-” refers to -alk-NR¹—C(O)—NR¹—, where “alk” is alkylene and R¹ is independently selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

The terms “amido” or “carboxamido” refer to NR₂—C(O)— and RC(O)—NR¹—, where K and R¹ include H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic. The term does not include urea, —NR—C(O)—NR—.

The terms “carboxamidoalkylaryl” and “carboxamidoaryl” refers to an aryl-alk-NR¹—C(O)—, and an —NR¹—C(O)-alk-, respectively, where “ar” is aryl, and “alk” is alkylene, R¹ and K include H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

The term “-alkylcarboxamido-” or “-alkylcarbonylamino-” refers to the group -alk-C(O)N(R)— wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H or lower alkyl.

The term “-alkylaminocarbonyl-” refers to the group -alk-NR—C(O)— wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H or lower alkyl.

The term “aminocarboxamidoalkyl-” refers to the group NR₂—C(O)—N(R)-alk- wherein R is an alkyl group or H and “alk” is an alkylene group. “Lower aminocarboxamidoalkyl-” refers to such groups wherein “alk” is lower alkylene.

The term “thiocarbonate” refers to —O—C(S)—O— either in a chain or in a cyclic group.

The term “hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one —OH.

The term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one halo, selected from the group I, Cl, Br, F.

The term “cyano” refers to —C≡N.

The term “nitro” refers to —NO₂.

The term “acylalkyl” refers to an alkyl-C(O)-alk-, where “alk” is alkylene.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

The term “-1,1-dihaloalkyl-” refers to an X group where the 1 position and therefore halogens are a to the phosphorus atom.

The term “perhalo” refers to groups wherein every C—H bond has been replaced with a C-halo bond on an aliphatic or aryl group. Suitable perhaloalkyl groups include —CF₃ and —CFCl₂.

The term “guanidino” refers to both —NR—C(NR)—NR₂ as well as —N═C(NR₂)₂ where each R group is independently selected from the group of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and alicyclic, all except —H are optionally substituted.

The term “amidino” refers to —C(NR)—NR₂ where each R group is independently selected from the group of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and alicyclic, all except —H are optionally substituted.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes salts of compounds of formula I and its prodrugs derived from the combination of a compound of this invention and an organic or inorganic acid or base. Suitable acids include HCl.

The term “prodrug” as used herein refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates the “drug” substance (a biologically active compound) as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s). Standard prodrugs are formed using groups attached to functionality, e.g. HO—, HS—, HOOC—, R²N—, associated with the FBPase inhibitor, that cleave in vivo. Standard prodrugs include but are not limited to carboxylate esters where the group is alkyl aryl, aralkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl as well as esters of hydroxyl, thiol and amines where the group attached is an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, phosphate or sulfate. Standard prodrugs of phosphonic acids are also included and may be represented by R¹ in formulae I and X. The groups illustrated are exemplary, not exhaustive, and one skilled in the art could prepare other known varieties of prodrugs. Such prodrugs of the compounds of formulae I and X, fall within the scope of the present invention. Prodrugs must undergo some form of a chemical transformation to produce the compound that is biologically active or is a precursor of the biologically active compound. In some cases, the prodrug is biologically active usually less than the drug itself, and serves to imprive efficacy or safety through improved oral bioavailability, pharmacodynamic half-life, etc.

The term “prodrug ester” as employed herein includes, but is not limited to, the following groups and combinations of these groups:

[1] Acyloxyalkyl esters which are well described in the literature (Farquhar et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 72, 324-325 (1983)) and are represented by formula A

wherein

-   -   R, R′, and R″ are independently H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and         alicyclic; (see WO 90/08155; WO 90/10636).

[2] Other acyloxyalkyl esters are possible in which an alicyclic ring is formed such as shown in formula B. These esters have been shown to generate phosphorus-containing nucleotides inside cells through a postulated sequence of reactions beginning with deesterification and followed by a series of elimination reactions (e.g. Freed et al., Biochem. Pharm. 38: 3193-3198 (1989)).

wherein R is —H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, arylamino, cycloalkyl, or alicyclic.

[3] Another class of these double esters known as alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl esters, as shown in formula A, where K is alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, and arylamino; R′, and R″ are independently H, alkyl aryl, alkylaryl, and alicyclic, have been studied in the area of -lactam antibiotics (Tatsuo Nishimura et al. J. Antibiotics, 1987, 40(1), 81-90; for a review see Ferres, H., Drugs of Today, 1983, 19, 499.). More recently Cathy, M. S., et al. (Abstract from AMP Western Regional Meeting, April, 1997) showed that these alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl ester prodrugs on (9-[(R)-2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) are bioavailable up to 30% in dogs.

[4] Aryl esters have also been used as phosphonate prodrugs (e.g. Erion, DeLambert et al., J. Med. Chem. 37: 498, 1994; Serafinowska et al., J. Med. Chem. 38: 1372, 1995). Phenyl as well as mono and poly-substituted phenyl proesters have generated the parent phosphonic acid in studies conducted in animals and in man (Formula C). Another approach has been described where Y is a carboxylic ester ortho to the phosphate. Khamnei and Torrence, J. Med. Chem.; 39:4109-4115 (1996).

wherein

-   -   Y is H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino,         alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, cyano, and alicyclic.

[5] Benzyl esters have also been reported to generate the parent phosphonic acid. In some cases, using substituents at the para-position can accelerate the hydrolysis. Benzyl analogs with 4-acyloxy or 4-alkyloxy group [Formula D, X═H, OR or O(CO)R or O(CO)OR] can generate the 4-hydroxy compound more readily through the action of enzymes, e.g. oxidases, esterases, etc. Examples of this class of prodrugs are described in Mitchell et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 2345 (1992); Brook, et al. WO 91/19721.

wherein

-   -   X and Y are independently H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy,         acyloxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, perhaloalkyl, halo, or         alkyloxycarbonyl; and     -   R′ and R″ are independently H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, halogen,         and alicyclic.

[6] Thio-containing phosphonate proesters have been described that are useful in the delivery of FBPase inhibitors to hepatocytes. These proesters contain a protected thioethyl moiety as shown in formula E. One or more of the oxygens of the phosphonate can be esterified. Since the mechanism that results in de-esterification requires the generation of a free thiolate, a variety of thiol protecting groups are possible. For example, the disulfide is reduced by a reductase-mediated process (Puech et al., Antiviral Res., 22: 155-174 (1993)). Thioesters will also generate free thiolates after esterase-mediated hydrolysis. Benzaria, et al., J. Med. Chem., 39:4958 (1996). Cyclic analogs are also possible and were shown to liberate phosphonate in isolated rat hepatocytes. The cyclic disulfide shown below has not been previously described and is novel.

wherein Z is alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, or alkylthio.

Other examples of suitable prodrugs include proester classes exemplified by Biller and Magnin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,027); Serafinowska et al. (J. Med. Chem. 38, 1372 (1995)); Starrett et al. (J. Med. Chem. 37, 1857 (1994)); Martin et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 76, 180 (1987); Alexander et al., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun, 59, 1853 (1994)); and EPO patent application 0 632 048 A1. Some of the structural classes described are optionally substituted, including fused lactones attached at the omega position (formulae E-1 and E-2) and optionally substituted 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolenes attached through a methylene to the phosphorus oxygen (formula E-3) such as:

wherein R is —H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or alicyclic; and

wherein Y is —H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, cyano, alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, alicyclic, and alkoxycarbonyl.

The prodrugs of Formula E-3 are an example of “optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate.”

[7] Propyl phosphonate proesters can also be used to deliver FBPase inhibitors into hepatocytes. These proesters may contain a hydroxyl and hydroxyl group derivatives at the 3-position of the propyl group as shown in formula F. The R and X groups can form a cyclic ring system as shown in formula F. One or more of the oxygens of the phosphonate can be esterified.

wherein

-   -   R is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl;     -   X is hydrogen, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyloxy; and     -   Y is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthio,         halogen, hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, amino.

[8] Phosphoramidate derivatives have been explored as phosphate prodrugs (e.g. McGuigan et al., J. Med. Chem., 1999, 42: 393 and references cited therein) as shown in Formula G.

Cyclic phosphoramidates have also been studied as phosphonate prodrugs because of their speculated higher stability compared to non-cyclic phosphoramidates (e.g. Starrett et al., J. Med. Chem., 1994, 37: 1857.

Another type of nucleotide prodrug was reported as the combination of S-acyl-2-thioethyl ester and phosphoramidate (Egron et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1999, 18, 981) as shown in Formula H.

Other prodrugs are possible based on literature reports such as substituted ethyls for example, bis(trichloroethyl)esters as disclosed by McGuigan, et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 3:1207-1210 (1993), and the phenyl and benzyl combined nucleotide esters reported by Meier, C. et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 7:99-104 (1997). The structure

has a plane of symmetry running through the phosphorus-oxygen double bond when R⁶═R⁶, V═W, W′═H, and V and W are either both pointing up or both pointing, down. The same is true of structures where each —NR⁶ is replaced with —O—.

The term “cyclic 1′,3′-propane ester”, “cyclic 1,3-propane ester”, “cyclic 1′,3′propanyl ester”, and “cyclic 1,3-propanyl ester” refers to the following:

The phrase “together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus” includes the following:

The structure shown above (left) has an additional 3 carbon atoms that forms a five member cyclic group. Such cyclic groups must possess the listed substitution to be oxidized.

The phrase “together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group attached at the beta and gamma position to the Y attached to the phosphorus” includes the following:

The phrase “together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said additional carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus” includes the following:

The structure above has an acyloxy substituent that is three carbon atoms from a Y, and an optional substituent, —CH₃, on the new 6-membered ring. There has to be at least one hydrogen at each of the following positions: the carbon attached to Z; both carbons alpha to the carbon labelled “3”; and the carbon attached to “OC(O)CH₃” above.

The phrase “together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl” includes the following:

The structure above has V=aryl, and a spiro-fused cyclopropyl group for W and W′.

The term “cyclic phosph(oramid)ate” refers to

where Y is independently —O— or —NR⁶—. The carbon attached to V must have a C—H bond. The carbon attached to Z must also have a C—H bond.

The term “liver” refers to liver and to like tissues and cells that contain the CYP3A4 isozyme or any other P450 isozyme found to oxidize the phosph(oramid)ate esters of the invention. Based on Example F, we have found that prodrugs of formula VI and VIII are selectively oxidized by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP3A4. According to DeWaziers et al (J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 253, 387-394 (1990)), CYP3A4 is located in humans in the following tissues (determined by immunoblotting and enzyme measurements): Tissues % of liver activity Liver 100 Duodenum 50 jejunum 30 ileum 10 colon <5 (only P450 isoenzyme found) stomach <5 esophagus <5 kidney not detectable Thus, “liver” more preferably refers to the liver, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, stomach, and esophagus. Most preferably, liver refers to the liver organ.

The term “enhancing” refers to increasing or improving a specific properly.

The term “liver specificity” refers to the ratio: $\frac{\left\lbrack {{drug}\quad{or}\quad a\quad{drug}\quad{metabolite}\quad{in}\quad{liver}\quad{tissue}} \right\rbrack}{\left\lbrack {{drug}\quad{or}\quad a\quad{drug}\quad{metabolite}\quad{in}\quad{blood}\quad{or}\quad{another}\quad{tissue}} \right\rbrack}$ as measured in animals treated with the drug or a prodrug. The ratio can be determined by measuring tissue levels at a specific time or may represent an AUC based on values measured at three or more time points.

The term “increased or enhanced liver specificity” refers to an increase in the liver specificity ratio in animals treated with the prodrug relative to animals treated with the parent drug.

The term “enhanced oral bioavailability” refers to an increase of at least 50% of the absorption of the dose of the parent drug or prodrug (not of this invention) from the gastrointestinal tract. More preferably it is at least 100%. Measurement of oral bioavailability usually refers to measurements of the prodrug, drug, or drug metabolite in blood, tissues, or urine following oral administration compared to measurements following systemic administration.

The term “parent drug” refers to any compound which delivers the same biologically active compound. The parent drug form is R⁵—X—P(O)(OH)₂ and standard prodrugs, such as esters.

The term “drug metabolite” refers to any compound produced in vivo or in vitro from the parent drug, which can include the biologically active drug.

The term “pharmacodynamic half-life” refers to the time after administration of the drug or prodrug to observe a diminution of one half of the measured pharmacological response. Pharmacodynamic half-life is enhanced when the half-life is increased by preferably at least 50%.

The term “pharmacokinetic half-life” refers to the time after administration of the drug or prodrug to observe a diminution of one half of the drug concentration in plasma or tissues.

The term “therapeutic index” refers to the ratio of the dose of a drug or prodrug that produces a therapeutically beneficial response relative to the dose that produces an undesired response such as death, an elevation of markers that are indicative of toxicity, and/or pharmacological side effects.

The term “sustained delivery” refers to an increase in the period in which there is adequate blood levels of the biologically active drug to have a therapeutic effect.

The term “bypassing drug resistance” refers to the loss or partial loss of therapeutic effectiveness of a drug (drug resistance) due to changes in the biochemical pathways and cellular activities important for producing and maintaining the biologically active form of the drug at the desired site in the body and to the ability of an agent to bypass this resistance through the use of alternative pathways and cellular activities.

The term “biologically active drug or agent” refers to the chemical entity that produces a biological effect. Thus, active drugs or agents include compounds which as R⁵—X—P(O)(OH)₂ are biologically active.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount that has any beneficial effect in treating a disease or condition.

Preferred Compounds of Formula I

Suitable alkyl groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable aryl groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable aralkyl groups include groups having from 2 to about 21 carbon atoms. Suitable acyloxy groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable alkylene groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable alicyclic groups include groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable heteroaryl groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, preferably independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur. Suitable heteroalicyclic groups include groups having from 2 to about twenty carbon atoms and from 1 to 5 heteroatoms, preferably independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur.

In the method claims, preferred are the following compounds of formula (I):

wherein:

each G is independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S and Se, and wherein only one G may be O, S, or Se;

each G′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N and wherein no more than two G′ groups are N;

A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, —S(O)R³, —SO₂R³, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₃NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR³, —SR³, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null;

each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, —NO₂, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, —NO₂, and halo are optionally substituted;

E is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —NO₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted;

J is selected from the group consisting of —H and null;

X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R⁵ and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein there is no N in the linking group unless it is connected directly to a carbonyl or in the ring of a heterocycle; and wherein X is not a 2 carbon atom -alkyl- or -alkenyl- group; with the proviso that X is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃R¹, or —PO₃R¹ ₂;

Y is independently selected from the group consisting of —O—, and —NR⁶—;

when Y is —O—, then R¹ attached to —O— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, —C(R²)₂OC(O)NR² ₂, —NR²—C(O)—R³, —C(R²)₂—OC(O)R³, —C(R²)₂—O—C(O)OR³, —C(R²)₂OC(O)SR³, -alkyl-S—C(O)R³, -alkyl-S—S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S—S—S-alkylhydroxy,

when Y is —NR⁶—, then R¹ attached to —NR⁶— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—COOR³, —C(R⁴)₂COOR³, —[C(R²)₂]_(q), C(O)SR, and -cycloalkylene-COOR³;

or when either Y is independently selected from —O— and —NR⁶—, then together R¹ and R¹ are -alkyl-S—S-alkyl- to form a cyclic group, or together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V, W, and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; or

together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, optionally 1 heteroatom, substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or

together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y attached to the phosphorus;

together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus;

together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

Z is selected from the group consisting of —CHR²OH, —CHR²OC(O)R³, —CHR²OC(S)R³, —CHR²OC(S)OR³, —CHR²OC(O)SR³, —CHR²OCO₂R³, —OR², —SR², —CHR²N₃, —CH₂aryl, —CH(aryl)OH, —CH(CH═CR² ₂)OH, —CH(C≡CR²)OH, —R², —NR² ₂, —OCOR³, —OCO₂R³, —SCOR³, —SCO₂R³, —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —CH₂NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(p)—OR², and —(CH₂)_(p)—SR²;

p is an integer 2 or 3;

q is an integer 1 or 2;

with the provisos that:

a) V, Z, W, W′ are not all —H; and

b) when Z is —R², then at least one of V, W, and W′ is not —H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alicyclic;

R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;

each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group;

R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; and with the provisos that:

-   -   1) when G′ is N, then the respective A, B, D, or E is null;     -   2) at least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected         from the group consisting of —H or null;     -   3) when R⁵ is a six-membered ring, then X is not any 2 atom         linker, an optionally substituted -alkyl-, an optionally         substituted -alkenyl-, an optionally substituted -alkyloxy-, or         an optionally substituted -alkylthio-;     -   4) when G is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a         group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom;     -   5) R¹ is not unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl;     -   6) when X is not an -aryl- group, then R⁵ is not substituted         with two or more aryl groups;

and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.

In the methods of using such compounds, preferred R⁵ groups include pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, and 1,3-selenazolyl, all of which contain at least one substituent.

More preferred are compounds where R⁵ is:

wherein

A″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR³, —SR³, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, and —NHAc;

B″ and D″ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted;

E″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, aryl, C4-C6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; and

C″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkylalkenyl, alkylalkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, and alkoxyalkyl, all optionally substituted;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H and C1-C2 alkyl.

Particularly preferred are such compounds where R⁵ is:

wherein

A″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR³, —SR³, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, and —NHAc;

B″ and D″ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted;

E″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C4-C6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; and

each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H and C1-C2 alkyl.

In the methods, preferred X groups include -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, -alkylamino-, and -alkenyl-, all optionally substituted.

In the compound and method claims, preferred are novel compounds of formula (I):

wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

each G is independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S, and Se, and wherein only one G may be O, S, or Se, and at most one G is N;

each G′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N and wherein no more than two G′ groups are N;

A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, —S(O)R³, —SO₂R³, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR³, —SR³, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null;

each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, —NO₂, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, —NO₂, and halo are optionally substituted;

E is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —NO₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted;

J is selected from the group consisting of —H and null;

X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R⁵ and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein there is no N in the linking group unless it is connected directly to a carbonyl or in the ring of a heterocycle; and wherein X is not a 2 carbon atom -alkyl- or -alkenyl- group; with the proviso that X is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₂R¹, or —PO₃R¹ ₂;

Y is independently selected from the group consisting of —O—, and —NR⁶—;

when Y is —O—, then R¹ attached to —O— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, —C(R²)₂OC(O)NR² ₂, —NR²—C(O)—R³, —C(R²)₂—OC(O)R³, —C(R²)₂—O—C(O)OR³, —C(R²)₂OC(O)SR³, -alkyl-S—C(O)R³, -alkyl-S—S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S—S—S-alkylhydroxy,

when Y is —NR⁶—, then R¹ attached to —NR⁶— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—COOR³, —C(R⁴)₂COOR³, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—C(O)SR, and -cycloalkylene-COOR³;

or when either Y is independently selected from —O— and —NR⁶—, then together R¹ and R¹ are -alkyl-S—S-alkyl- to form a cyclic group, or together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V, W, and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; or

together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, optionally 1 heteroatom, substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or

together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y attached to the phosphorus;

together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus;

together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

Z is selected from the group consisting of —CHR²OH, —CHR²OC(O)R³, —CHR²OC(S)R³, —CHR²OC(S)OR³, —CHR²OC(O)SR³, —CHR²OCO₂R³, —OR², —SR², —CHR²N₃, —CH₂aryl, —CH(aryl)OH, —CH(CH═CR² ₂)OH, —CH(C≡CR²)OH, —R², —NR² ₂, —OCOR³, —OCO₂R³, —SCOR³, —SCO₂R³, —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —CH₂NHaryl, —(CH₂)—OR², and —(CH₂)_(p)—SR²;

p is an integer 2 or 3;

q is an integer 1 or 2;

with the provisos that:

a) V, Z, W, W′ are not all —H; and

b) when Z is —R², then at least one of V, W, and W′ is not —H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alicyclic;

R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;

each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group;

R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; and with the provisos that:

-   -   1) when G′ is N, then the respective A, B, D, or E is null;     -   2) at least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected         from the group consisting of —H or null;     -   3) when R⁵ is a six-membered ring, then X is not any 2 atom         linker, an optionally substituted -alkyl-, an optionally         substituted -alkenyl-, an optionally substituted -alkyloxy-, or         an optionally substituted -alkylthio-;     -   4) when C is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a         group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom;     -   5) R¹ is not unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl;     -   6) when X is not an -aryl- group, then R⁵ is not substituted         with two or more aryl groups;

and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.

Preferred R⁵ groups include pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, and 1,3-selenazolyl, all of which contain at least one substituent.

In one aspect, preferred are compounds of formula I where:

A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR⁴, —SR⁴, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null;

each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR² ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted;

E is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, aryl, C4-C6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₃, —OR³, —SR³, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; and

each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and C1-C2 alkyl.

In another preferred aspect, R⁵ is:

In another preferred aspect, R⁵ is:

In another preferred aspect, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein

A″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR³, —SR³, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, and —NHAc;

B″ and D″ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted;

E″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C4-C6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR³, —OR³, —SR³, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; and

each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H and C1-C2 alkyl.

More preferred are such where R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

Also more preferred are where R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

Also more preferred are where R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

Preferred X groups include -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted.

More preferred X groups include -heteroaryl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, and -alkoxyalkyl-.

Particularly preferred X groups include -heteroaryl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl-. Especially preferred are furan-3,5-diyl, -methylaminocarbonyl-, and methyloxycarbonyl-.

Also particularly preferred are compounds where X is as shown in formulae II, III, or

Especially preferred are compounds where X is as shown in formulae II and IV.

Preferred A groups include —H, —N—R⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR³, —SR³, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, null, and —NHAc. More preferred A groups include —NH₂, —CONH₂, halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂-halo, —CN, —OCH₃, —SCH₃, null, and —H. Especially preferred A groups include —NH₂, —Cl, —Br, null, and —CH₃.

Preferred A″ groups include —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR³, —SR³, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, and —NHAc. More preferred A″ groups include —NH₂, —CONH₂, halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂-halo, —CN, —OCH₃, —SCH₃, and —H. Especially preferred A″ groups include —NH₂, —Cl, —Br, and —CH₃.

Preferred B groups include —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, null, and halo are optionally substituted. More preferred B groups include —H, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, null and —SR³. Especially preferred B groups include —H, —C(O)OR³, —C(O)SR³, C1-C6 alkyl, alicyclic, halo, heteroaryl, null, and —SR³.

Preferred B″ groups include —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —N—R⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted. More preferred B″ groups include —H, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, and —SR³. Especially preferred B″ groups include —H, —C(O)OR³, —C(O)SR³, C1-C6 alkyl, alicyclic, halo, heteroaryl, and —SR³.

Preferred D groups include —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR² ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, null, and halo are optionally substituted. More preferred D groups include —H, —C(O)R¹¹, alkyl, —C(O)SR³, aryl, alicyclic, halo, —NR⁹ ₂, null and —SR³. Especially preferred D groups include —H, —C(O)OR³, lower alkyl, alicyclic, null, and halo.

Preferred D″ groups include —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR² ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted. More preferred D″ groups include —H, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, —NR⁹ ₂, and —SR³. Especially preferred D″ groups include —H, —C(O)OR³, lower alkyl, alicyclic, and halo.

Preferred E groups include —H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, aryl, C4-C6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, null, and halo are optionally substituted. More preferred E groups include —H, C1-C6 alkyl, lower alicyclic, halo-en, —CN, —C(O)OR³, —SR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, and null. Especially preferred E groups include —H, —Br, —Cl, and null.

Preferred E″ groups include —H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, aryl, C4-C6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted. More preferred E″ groups include —H, C1-C6 alkyl, lower alicyclic, halogen, —CN, —C(O)OR³, —SR³, and —CONR⁴ ₂. Especially preferred E″ groups include —H, —Br, and —Cl.

In one preferred aspect,

A″ is selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —CONH₂, halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂-halo, —CN, —OCH₃, —SCH₃, and —H;

B″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, —CN, —SR³, OR³ and —NR⁹ ₂;

D″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —NR⁹ ₂, alkyl-, aryl, alicyclic, halo, and —SR³;

E″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, lower alicyclic, halo, —CN, —C(O)OR³, and —SR³.

X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted;

when both Y groups are —O—, then R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted benzyl, —C(R²)₂OC(O)R³, —C(R²)₂OC(O)OR³, and

—H; or

when one Y is —O—, then R¹ attached to —O— is optionally substituted aryl; and the other Y is —NR⁶—, then R¹ attached to —NR⁶— is selected from the group consisting of —C(R⁴)₂COOR³, and —C(R²)₂COOR³; or

when Y is —O— or —NR⁶—, then together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V, W, and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl, or

together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus;

together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

Z is selected from the group consisting of —CHR²OH, —CHR²OC(O)R³, —CHR²OC(S)R³, —CHR²OC(S)OR³, —CHR²OC(O)SR³, —CHR²OCO₂R³, —OR², —SR², —R², —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —(CH₂)_(p)—OR², and —(CH₂)_(p)—SR²;

p is an integer 2 or 3;

with the provisos that:

a) V, Z, W, W′ are not all —H;

b) when Z is —R², then at least one of V, W, and W′ is not —H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alicyclic; and

c) both Y groups are not —N—R⁶—;

R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H;

R² is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, and lower alkyl.

In one particularly preferred aspect, R⁵ is

X is selected from the group consisting of methylenoxycarbonyl, and furan-2,5-diyl; at least one Y group is —O—; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. More preferred are such compounds wherein when Y is —O—, then R¹ attached to —O— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, optionally substituted phenyl, —CH₂OC(O)-tBu, —CH₂OC(O)Et and —CH₂OC(O)-iPr;

when Y is —NR⁶—, then R¹ is attached to —NR⁶— independently selected from the group consisting of —C(R²)₂COOR³, —C(R⁴)₂COOR³, or

when Y is —O— or —NR⁶—, and at least one Y is —O—, then together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Z, W′, and W are H; and

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, and lower alkyl

The following such compounds and their salts are most preferred:

1) A″ is —NH₂, X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B″ is —CH₂—CH(CH₃)₂;

2) A″ is —NH₂, X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B″ is —COOEt;

3) A″ is —NH₂, X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B″ is —SCH₃;

4) A″ is —NH₂, X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B″ is —SCH₂CH₂SCH₃;

5) A″ is —NH₂, X is methyleneoxycarbonyl, and B″ is —CH(CH₃)₂.

In another particularly preferred aspect, R⁵ is

X is furan-2,5-diyl, and methyleneoxycarbonyl, and A″ is —NH₂; at least one Y group is —O—; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. Especially preferred are such compounds wherein

when Y is —O—, then each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, optionally substituted phenyl, —CH₂OC(O)-tBu, —CH₂OC(O)Et, and —CH₂OC(O)-iPr;

or when Y is —NR⁶—, then each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —C(R²)₂C(O)OR³, and —C(R⁴)₂COOR³;

or when Y is independently selected from —O— and —NR⁶—, then together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Z, W′, and W are H. Also especially preferred are such compounds wherein B″ is —SCH₂CH₂CH₃.

In another particularly preferred aspect, R⁵ is

A″ is —NH₂, E″ and D″ are —H, B″ is n-propyl and cyclopropyl, X is furan-2,5-diyl and methyleneoxycarbonyl; at least one Y group is —O—; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. Especially preferred are such compounds wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of —H, optionally substituted phenyl —CH₂OC(O)-tBu, —CH₂OC(O)Et, and —CH₂OC(O)-iPr,

or when Y is —NR⁶—, then each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —C(R²)₂C(O)OR³, and —C(R⁴)₂COOR³;

or when either Y is independently selected from —O— and —NR⁶—, and at least one Y is —O—, then together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Z, W′, and W are H.

In another particularly preferred aspect, R⁵ is

A″ is —NH₂, D″ is —H, B″ is n-propyl and cyclopropyl, X is furan-2,5-diyl and methyleneoxycarbonyl; at least one Y group is —O—; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. Especially preferred are such compounds wherein when Y is —O— then R¹ is selected from the group consisting of —H, optionally substituted phenyl, —CH₂OC(O)-tBu, —CH₂OC(O)Et, and —CH₂OC(O)-iPr;

or when one Y is —O— and its corresponding R¹ is -phenyl while the other Y is —NH— and its corresponding R¹ is —CH(Me)C(O)OEt, or

when at least one Y group is —O—, then together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Z, W′, and W are H.

Preferred are compounds of formula (X):

wherein:

G″ is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —S—;

A², L², E², and J² are selected from the group consisting of —NR⁴ ₂, —NO₂, —H, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —SO₂R³, guanidinyl, amidinyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkyoxyalkyl, —SCN, —NHSO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁴ ₂, —CN, —S(O)R³, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, C1-C5 alkyl, C2-C5 alkenyl, C2-C5 alkynyl, and lower alicyclic, or together L² and E² or E² and J² form an annulated cyclic group;

X² is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 1-3 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms, selected from N, O, and S, and wherein in the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom;

with the proviso that X² is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃R¹, or —PO₃R¹ ₂;

Y is independently selected from the group consisting of —O—, and —NR⁶;

when Y is —O—, then R¹ attached to —O— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, —C(R²)₂OC(O)NR² ₂, —NR²—C(O)—R³, —C(R²)₂—C(O)R³, —C(R²)₂—O—C(O)OR³, —C(R²)₂OC(O)SR³, -alkyl-S—C(O)R³, -alkyl-S—S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S—S—S-alkylhydroxy,

when Y is NR⁶—, then R¹ attached to —NR⁶— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—COOR³, —C(R⁴)₂COOR³, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—C(O)SR, and -cycloalkylene-COOR³;

or when either Y is independently selected from —O— and —NR⁶—, then together R¹ and R¹ are -alkyl-S—S-alkyl- to form a cyclic group, or together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V, W, and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; or

together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, optionally 1 heteroatom, substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or

together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y attached to the phosphorus;

together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus;

together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

Z is selected from the group consisting of —CHR²OH, —CHR²OC(O)R³, —CHR²OC(S)R³, —CHR²OC(S)OR³, —CHR²OC(O)SR³, —CHR²OCO₂R³, —OR², —SR², —CHR²N₃, —CH₂aryl, —CH(aryl)OH, —CH(CH═CR² ₂)OH, —CH(C≡CR²)OH, —R², —NR² ₂, —OCOR³, —OCO₂R³, —SCOR³, —SCO₂R³, —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —CH₂NHary, —(CH₂)_(p)—OR², and —(CH₂)_(p)—SR²;

p is an integer 2 or 3;

q is an integer 1 or 2;

with the provisos that:

a) V, Z, W, W′ are not all —H; and

b) when Z is —R², then at least one of V, W, and W′ is not —H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alicyclic;

R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;

each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group;

R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; and

pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.

The preferred G″ group is —S—.

Preferred A², L², E², and J² groups include —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —S—C≡N, halogen, —OR³, hydroxy, -alkyl(OH), aryl, alkyloxycarbonyl, —SR³, lower perhaloalkyl, and C1-C5 alkyl, or together L² and E² form an annulated cyclic group. More preferred A², E², E² and J² groups include —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —S—C≡N, halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, lower alkyl(hydroxy), lower aryl, and C1-C5 alkyl, or together L² and E² form an annulated cyclic group. Particularly preferred J² groups are —H, and lower alkyl. Particularly preferred A² groups include —NH₂, —H, halo, and C1-C5 alkyl.

Particularly preferred compounds include those where L² and E² are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —S—C≡N, lower alkoxy, C1-C5 alkyl, lower alkyl(hydroxy), lower aryl, and halogen or together L² and E² form an annulated cyclic group containing an additional 4 carbon atoms.

Preferred X² groups include -alkyl-, -alkenyl-, -alkynyl-, -alkylene-NR⁴—, -alkylene-O—, alkylene-S—, —C(O)-alkylene-, and -alkylene-C(O)—. More preferred X² groups include -alkylene-O—, alkylene-S—, and -alkyl-, Especially preferred X² groups include -methyleneoxy-,

In one aspect, preferred are compounds of formula X wherein A² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NH₂, —CH₃, Cl, and Br;

L² is —H, lower alkyl, halogen, lower alkyloxy, hydroxy, -alkenylene-OH, or together with E² forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryls, heterocyclic alkyl;

E² is selected from the groups consisting of H, lower alkyl, halogen, SCN, lower alkyloxycarbonyl, lower alkyloxy, or together with L² forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic alkyl;

J² is selected from the groups consisting of H, halogen, and lower alkyl;

G″ is —S—;

X² is —CH₂O—; and

at least one Y group is —O—; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. Also particularly preferred are such compounds where A² is NH₂, G″ is —S—, L² is Et, E² is SCN, and J² is H. More preferred are such compounds wherein one Y is —O— and its corresponding R¹ is optionally substituted phenyl, while the other Y is —N—, and its corresponding R¹ is —C(R²)₂—COOR³. When R¹ is —CHR³COOR³, then the corresponding —NR⁶—*CHR³COOR³, preferably has L stereochemistry.

Also more preferred are such compounds wherein one Y is —O—, and its corresponding R¹ is -phenyl, while the other Y is —NH— and its corresponding R¹ is —CH(Me)CO₂Et.

In compounds of formula I and X, preferably both Y groups are —O—; or one Y is —O— and one Y is —NR⁶—. When only one Y is —NR⁶—, preferably the Y closest to W and W′ is —O—. Most preferred are prodrugs where both Y groups are —O—;

In another particularly preferred aspect, both Y groups are —O—, and R¹ and R¹ together are

and V is phenyl substituted with 1-3 halogens. Especially preferred are such 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, and 3,5-dichlorophenyl.

In another particularly preferred aspect, one Y is —O— and its corresponding R¹ is phenyl, or phenyl substituted with 1-2 substituents selected from —NHC(O)CH₃, —F, —Cl, —Br, —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, and —CH₃; while the other Y is —NR⁶— and its corresponding R¹ is —C(R²)COOR³; each R² is independently selected from —H, —CH₃, and —CH₂CH₃. More preferred R⁶ is —H, and R¹ attached to —NH— is —CH(Me)CO₂Et.

In general, preferred substituents, V, Z, W, and W′ of formulae I and X are chosen such that they exhibit one or more of the following properties:

(1) enhance the oxidation reaction since this reaction is likely to be the rate determining step and therefore must compete with drug elimination processes.

(2) enhance stability in aqueous solution and in the presence of other non-p450 enzymes;

(3) enhance cell penetration, e.g. substituents are not charged or of high molecular weight since both properties can limit oral bioavailability as well as cell penetration;

(4) promote the β-elimination reaction following the initial oxidation by producing ring-opened products that have one or more of the following properties

-   -   a) fail to recyclize;     -   b) undergo limited covalent hydration;     -   c) promote β-elimination by assisting in the proton abstraction;     -   d) impede addition reactions that form stable adducts, e.g.         thiols to the initial hydroxylated product or nucleophilic         addition to the carbonyl generated after ring opening; and     -   e) limit metabolism of reaction intermediates (e.g. ring-opened         ketone);

(5) lead to a non-toxic and non-mutagenic by-product with one or more of the following characteristics. Both properties can be minimized by using substituents that limit Michael additions, reactions, e.g.

-   -   a) electron donating Z groups that decrease double bond         polarization;     -   b) W groups that sterically block nucleophilic addition to         β-carbon;     -   c) Z groups that eliminate the double bond after the elimination         reaction either through retautomerization (enol->keto) or         hydrolysis (e.g. enamine);     -   d) V groups that contain groups that add to the α,β-unsaturated         ketone to form a ring;     -   e) Z groups that form a stable ring via Michael addition to         double bond; and     -   f) groups that enhance detoxification of the by-product by one         or more of the following characteristics:         -   (i) confine to liver; and         -   (ii) make susceptible to detoxification reactions (e.g.             ketone reduction); and

(6) capable of generating a pharmacologically active product.

In another aspect, it is preferred when Y is —O—, then R¹ attached to —O— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, —C(R²)₂OC(O)R³, —C(R²)₂—O—C(O)OR³, —C(R²)₂OC(O)SR³, -alkyl-S—C(O)R³, and -alkyl-S—S-alkylhydroxy;

when Y is NR⁶—, then R¹ attached to —NR⁶— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—COOR³, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—C(O)SR³, —C(R⁴)₂COOR³, and -cycloalkylene-COOR³;

or when either Y is independently selected from —O— and NR⁶—, then together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V, W, and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl, or

together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus;

together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

Z is selected from the group consisting of —CHR²OH, —CHR²OC(O)R³, —CHR²C(S)R³, —CHR²OC(S)OR³, —CHR²OC(O)SR³, —CHR²CO₂R³, —OR², —SR², R², —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —(CH₂)_(p)—OR², and —(CH₂)_(p)—SR²;

p is an integer 2 or 3;

q is an integer 1 or 2;

with the provisos that:

a) V, Z, W, W′ are not all —H;

b) when Z is —R², then at least one of V, W, and W′ is not —H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alicyclic; and

c) both Y groups are not —NR⁶—;

R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H;

R² is selected from the group consisting of alkyd aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, and lower alkyl.

More preferred are such compounds wherein when both Y groups are —O—, then R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted benzyl, —C(R²)₂OC(O)R³, —C(R²)₂OC(O)OR³, and —H; and

when Y is —NR⁶—, then the R¹ attached to said —NR⁶— group is selected from the group consisting of —C(R⁴)₂—COOR³, and —C(R²)₂COOR³; and the other Y group is —O— and then R¹ attached to said —O— is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, —C(R²)₂OC(O)R³, and —C(R²)₂OC(O)OR³.

In another aspect, when one Y is —O—, then its corresponding R¹ is phenyl, and the other Y is —NH—, and its corresponding R¹ is —CH₂CO₂Et.

In another preferred aspect, when one Y is —O—, its corresponding R¹ is phenyl, and the other Y is —NH— and its corresponding R¹ is —C(Me)₂CO₂Et.

In another preferred aspect, when one Y is —O—, its corresponding R¹ is 4-NHC(O)CH₃-phenyl, and the other Y is —NH—, and its corresponding R¹ is —CH₂COOEt.

In another preferred aspect, when one Y is —O—, its corresponding R¹ is 2-CO₂Et-phenyl, and the other Y is —NH— and its corresponding R¹ is —CH₂CO₂Et.

In another preferred aspect, when one Y is —O—, then its corresponding R¹ is 2-CH₃-phenyl, and the other Y is —NH, and its corresponding, R1 is —CH₂CO₂Et.

In another aspect, preferred are compounds wherein both Y groups are —O—, and R¹ is aryl, or —C(R²)₂-aryl.

Also preferred are compounds wherein both Y groups are C—, and at least one R¹ is selected from the group consisting of —C(R²)₂—OC(O)R³, and —C(R²)₂—OC(O)OR³.

In another aspect, preferred are compounds wherein both Y groups are —O— and at least one R¹ is -alkyl-S—S-alkylhydroxyl, -alkyl-S—C(O)R³, and -alkyl-S—S—S-alkylhydroxy, or together R¹ and R¹ are -alkyl-S—S-alkyl- to form a cyclic group.

In one aspect, particularly preferred are compounds wherein both Y groups are —O—, and R¹ is H.

In another aspect, particularly preferred are compounds where both Y groups are —O—, and R═ is —CH₂OC(O)OEt.

More preferred are compounds wherein at least one Y is —O—, and together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein

V, W, and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl, or

together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus;

together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

Z is selected from the group consisting of —CHR²OH, —CHR²OC(O)R³, —CHR²OC(S)R³, —CHR²OC(S)OR³, —CHR²OC(O)SR³, —CR²OCO₂R³, —OR², —SR², —R², —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —(CH₂)—OR², and —(CH₂)_(p)—SR²;

p is an integer 2 or 3;

with the provisos that:

a) V, Z, W, W′ are not all —H;

b) when Z is —R², then at least one of V, W, and W′ is not —H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alicyclic; and

c) both Y groups are not —NR⁶—;

R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, and lower alkyl.

In an other aspect, more preferred are compounds wherein one Y is —O—, and R¹ is optionally substituted aryl; and the other Y is —NR⁶—, where R¹ on said —NR⁶— is selected from the group consisting of —C(R⁴)₂COOR³, and —CR²)₂C(O)OR³. Particularly preferred are such compounds where R¹ attached to —O— is -phenyl, and R1 to —NH— is —CH(Me)CO₂Et, and —NH*CH(Me)CO₂Et is in the L configuration.

Especially preferred are such compounds where R¹ attached to —O— is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl substituted with 1-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of —NHAc, —F, —Cl, —Br, —COOEt, and —CH₃; and R¹ attached to —NR⁶, is —C(R²)₂COOR³ where R² and R³ independently is —H, —CH₃, and -Et. Of such compounds, when R¹ attached to —O— is phenyl substituted with —NHAc or —COOEt, then preferably any —NHAc is at the 4-position, and any —COOEt is at the 2-position. More preferred are such compounds where the substituents on the substituted phenyl is 4-NHC(O)CH₃, —Cl, —Br, 2-C(O)OCH₃CH₃, or —CH₃.

More preferred V groups of formula VI are aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl. Preferably Y is —O—. Particularly preferred aryl and substituted aryl groups include phenyl, and phenyl substituted with 1-3 halogens. Especially preferred are 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, and 3-bromophenyl.

It is also especially preferred when V is selected from the group consisting of monocyclic heteroaryl and monocyclic substituted heteroaryl containing at least one nitrogen atom. Most preferred is when such heteroaryl and substituted heteroaryl is 4-pyridyl, and 3-bromopyridyl, respectively.

It is also preferred when together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma positions to the Y attached to phosphorus. In such compounds preferably said aryl group is an optionally substituted monocyclic aryl group and the connection between Z and the gamma position of the aryl group is selected from the group consisting of O, CH₂, CH₂CH₂, OCH₂ or CH₂O.

In another aspect, it is preferred when together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and monosubstituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to one of said additional carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus. In such compounds, it is more preferred when together V and W form a cyclic group selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—, CH₂CH(OCOR³)—CH₂—, and —CH₂CH(OCO₂)R³)—CH₂—.

Another preferred V group is 1-alkene. Oxidation by p450 enzymes is known to occur at benzylic and allylic carbons.

In one aspect, a preferred V group is —H, when Z is selected from the group consisting of —CHR²OH, —CHR²OCOR³, and —CHR²OCO₂R³.

In another aspect, when V is aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, preferred Z groups include —OR², —SR², —CHR²N₃, —R², —NR² ₂, —OCOR², —OCO₂R³, —SCOR³, —SCO₂R³, —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —CH₂NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(p)OR², and —(CH₂)_(p)—SR². More preferred Z groups include —OR², —R², —OCOR², —OCO₂R³, —CH₃, —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —(CH₂)_(p)—OR², and, —(CH₂)_(p)—SR². Most preferred Z groups include —OR², —H, —OCOR², —OCO₂R³, and —NHCOR².

Preferred W and W′ groups include H, R³, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted aryl. Preferably, W and W′ are the same group. More preferred is when W and W′ are H.

In one aspect, prodrugs of formula VI are preferred:

wherein

V is selected from the group consisting of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl. More preferred V groups of formula VI are aryl, substituted, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl. Preferably Y is —O—. Particularly preferred aryl and substituted aryl groups include phenyl and substituted phenyl. Particularly preferred heteroaryl groups include monocyclic substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl groups. Especially preferred are 4-pyridyl and 3-bromopyridyl.

In one aspect, the compounds of formula VI preferably have a group Z which is H, alkyl, alicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy,

Preferred are such groups in which Z decreases the propensity of the byproduct, vinyl aryl ketone to undergo Michael additions. Preferred Z groups are groups that donate electrons to the vinyl group which is a known strategy for decreasing the propensity of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to undergo a Michael addition. For example, a methyl group in a similar position on acrylamide results in no mutagenic activity whereas the unsubstituted vinyl analog is highly mutagenic. Other groups could serve a similar function, e.g. Z=OR, NHAc, etc. Other groups may also prevent the Michael addition especially groups that result in removal of the double bond altogether such as Z=OH, —OC(O)R, —OCO₂R, and NH₂, which will rapidly undergo retautomerization after the elimination reaction. Certain W and W′ groups are also advantageous in this role since the group(s) impede the addition reaction to the D-carbon or destabilize the product. Another preferred Z group is one that contains a nucleophilic group capable of adding to the α,β-unsaturated double bond after the elimination reaction i.e. (CH₂)_(p)SH or (CH₂)_(n)OH where p is 2 or 3. Yet another preferred group is a group attached to V which is capable of adding to the α,β-unsaturated double bond after the elimination reaction:

In another aspect, prodrugs of formula VII are preferred:

wherein

Z is selected from the group consisting of:

—CHR²OH, —CHR²OCOR³, —CHR²OC(S)R³, —CHR²OCO₂R³, —CHR²OC(O)SR³, and —CHR²OC(S)OR³. Preferably Y is —O—. More preferred groups include —CHR²OH, —CHR²OC(O)R³, and —CHR²OCO₂R³.

In another aspect, prodrugs of formula VIII are preferred:

wherein

Z′ is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)R³, —OCO₂R³, and —OC(O)SR³;

D⁴ and D³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl OR², —OH, and —OC(O)R³; with the proviso that at least one of D⁴ and D³ are —H. Preferably Y is —O—.

In one preferred embodiment, W′ and Z are —H, W and V are both the same aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl such that the phosphonate prodrug moiety:

has a plane of symmetry. Preferably Y is —O—.

In another preferred embodiment, W and W′ are H, V is selected from the group consisting of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, and Z is selected from the group consisting of —H, OR², and —NHCOR². More preferred are such compounds where Z is —H.

Preferably, oral bioavailability is at least 5%. More preferably, oral bioavailability is at least 10%.

p450 oxidation can be sensitive to stereochemistry which might either be at phosphorus or at the carbon bearing the aromatic group. The prodrugs of the present invention have two isomeric forms around the phosphorus. Preferred is the stereochemistry that enables both oxidation and the elimination reaction. Preferred is the cis-stereochemistry.

The preferred compounds of formula VIII utilize a Z′ group that is capable of undergoing an oxidative reaction that yields an unstable intermediate which via elimination reactions breaks down to the corresponding R⁵—X—PO₃ ²⁻, R⁵—X—P(O)(NHR⁶)₂, or R⁵—X—P(O)(O⁻)NHR⁶). Especially preferred Z′ groups is OH. Groups D⁴ and D³ are preferably hydrogen, alkyl, and —OR², —OC(O)R³, but at least one of D⁴ or D³ must be H.

In the following examples of preferred compounds, the following prodrugs are preferred:

-   Acyloxyalkyl esters; -   Alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl esters; -   Aryl esters; -   Benzyl and substituted benzyl esters; -   Disulfide containing esters; -   Substituted (1,3-dioxolen-2-one)methyl esters; -   Substituted 3-phthalidyl esters; -   Cyclic-[5-hydroxycyclohexan-1,3-diyl)diesters and hydroxy protected     forms; -   Cyclic-[2-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl]diesters and hydroxy     protected forms; -   Cyclic-(1-arylpropan-1,3-diyl); -   Monoaryl ester N-substituted mono phosphoramidates; -   Bis Omega substituted lactone esters; and all mixed esters resulted     from possible combinations of above esters;

More preferred are the following:

-   Bis-pivaloyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-isobutyryloxymethyl esters; -   Cyclic-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diesters; -   Cyclic-[1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diester; -   Cyclic-[1-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diester; -   Cyclic-[2-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl]diester; -   Cyclic-[2-acetoxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl]diester; -   Cyclic-[2-methyloxycarbonyloxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl]diester; -   Cyclic-[1-phenylpropan-1,3-diyl]diesters; -   Cyclic-[1-(2-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diyl)]diesters; -   Cyclic-[1-(3-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diesters; -   Cyclic-[1-(4-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diesters; -   Cyclic-[5-hydroxycyclohexan-1,3-diyl]diesters and hydroxy protected     forms; -   Bis-benzoylthiomethyl esters; -   Bis-benzoylthioethyl esters; -   Bis-benzoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-p-fluorobenzoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-6-chloronicotinoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-5-bromonicotinoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-thiophenecarbonyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-2-furoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-3-furoyloxymethyl esters; -   Diphenyl esters; -   Bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-methoxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-ethoxyphenyl)esters; -   Mono-(2-ethoxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(4-acetamidophenyl)esters; -   Bis-(4-acetoxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-acetoxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(3-acetoxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(4-morpholinophenyl)esters; -   Bis-[4-(1-triazolophenyl)esters; -   Bis-(3-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)esters; -   Bis-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalen-2-yl)esters; -   Bis-(3-chloro-4-methoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(3-bromo-4-methoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(3-cyano-4-methoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(3-chloro-4-acetoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(3-bromo-4-acetoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(3-cyano-4-acetoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(4-chloro)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(4-acetoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-acetoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(3-methyl-4-acetoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(benzyl)esters; -   Bis-(3-methoxy-4-acetoxy)benzyl esters; -   Bis-(6′-hydroxy-3′,4′-dithia)hexyl esters; -   Bis-(6′-acetoxy-3′,4′-dithia)hexyl esters; -   (3,4-dithiahexan-1,6-diyl)esters; -   Bis-(5-methyl-1,3-dioxolen-2-one-4-yl)methyl esters; -   Bis-(5-ethyl-1,3-dioxolen-2-one-4-yl)methyl esters; -   Bis-(5-tert-butyl-1,3-dioxolen-2-one-4-yl)methyl esters; -   Bis-3-(5,6,7-trimethoxy)phthalidyl esters; -   Bis-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(ethyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(methyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(isopropylthiocarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(phenyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(benzyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(phenylthiocarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(p-methoxyphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(m-methoxyphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(o-methoxyphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(o-methylphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(p-chlorophenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(1,4-biphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-[(2-phthalimidoethyl)oxycarbonyloxymethyl]esters; -   Bis-(N-phenyl-N-methylcarbamoyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-bromoethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-iodoethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-azidoethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-acetoxyethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-aminoethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-aminoethyl)esters; -   Bis-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-aminoethyl)esters; -   Bis-[N,N-di(2-hydroxyethyl)]carbamoylmethylesters; -   Bis-(2-aminoethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-methyl-5-thiazolomethyl)esters; -   Bis-(bis-2-hydroxyethylcarbamoylmethyl)esters. -   O-phenyl-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(N(H)—CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-phenyl-[N-(1-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(N(H)—CH(Me)CO₂Me) -   O-(3-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-3-Cl)(NH—CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-(2-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-Cl)(NH—CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-(4-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-Cl)(NH—CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-(4-acetamidophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-NHAc)(NH—CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-CO₂Et)(NH—CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-phenyl-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-phenyl-[N-(1-methoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Me) -   O-(3-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-3-Cl)(—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-(2-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-Cl)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-(4-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-Cl)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-(4-acetamidophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4—NHAc)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-CO₂Et)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-phenyl-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-phenyl-[N-(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—CH₂CO₂Me) -   O-(3-chlorophenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-3-Cl)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-(2-chlorophenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-Cl)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-(4-chlorophenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-Cl)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-(4-acetamidophenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-NHAc)NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-CO₂Et)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et)

Most preferred are the following:

-   Bis-pivaloyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-isobutyryloxymethyl esters; -   Cyclic-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diesters; -   Cyclic-[1-3,5-dichlorophenyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diester; -   Cyclic-[1-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diester; -   Cyclic-(2-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)ester; -   Cyclic-(2-acetoxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)ester; -   Cyclic-(2-methyloxycarbonyloxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)ester; -   Cyclic-(2-cyclohexylcarbonyloxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)ester; -   Cyclic-[phenylpropan-1,3-diyl]diesters; -   Cyclic-[1-(2-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diyl)]diesters; -   Cyclic-[1-(3-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diesters; -   Cyclic-[1-(4-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diyl]diesters; -   Cyclic-[5-hydroxycyclohexan-1,3-diyl]diesters and hydroxy protected     forms; -   Bis-benzoylthiomethyl esters; -   Bis-benzoylthioethylesters; -   Bis-benzoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-p-fluorobenzoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-6-chloronicotinoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-5-bromonicotinoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-thiophenecarbonyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-2-furoyloxymethyl esters; -   Bis-3-furoyloxymethyl esters; -   Diphenyl esters; -   Bis-(2-methylphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-methoxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-ethoxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)esters; -   Bis-(3-bromo-4-methoxybenzyl)esters; -   Bis-(4-acetoxybenzyl)esters; -   Bis-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-acetoxybenzyl)esters; -   Bis-(3-methyl-4-acetoxybenzyl)esters; -   Bis-(3-methoxy-4-acetoxybenzyl)esters; -   Bis-(3-chloro-4-acetoxybenzyl)esters; -   Bis-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(ethyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(methyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(isopropylthiocarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(phenyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(benzyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(phenylthiocarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(p-methoxyphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(m-methoxyphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(o-methoxyphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(o-methylphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(p-chlorophenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-(1,4-biphenoxycarbonyloxymethyl)esters; -   Bis-[(2-phthalimidoethyl)oxycarbonyloxymethyl]esters; -   Bis-(6-hydroxy-3,4-dithia)hexyl esters; -   Cyclic-(3,4-dithiahexan-1,6-diyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-bromoethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-aminoethyl)esters; -   Bis-(2-N,N-diaminoethyl)esters; -   O-phenyl-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—*CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-phenyl-[N-(1-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—*CH(Me)CO₂Me) -   O-(3-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-3-Cl)(NH—*CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-(2-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-Cl)(NH—*CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-(4-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-Cl)(NH—*CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-(4-acetamidophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-NHAc)(NH—*CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-CO₂Et)(NH—*CH(Me)CO₂Et) -   O-phenyl-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-phenyl-[N-(1-methoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Me) -   O-(3-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-3-Cl)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-(2-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-Cl)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-(4-chlorophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-Cl)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-(4-acetamidophenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4—NHAc)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et) -   O-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-[N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl)ethyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-CO₂Et)(NH—C(Me)₂CO₂Et)

In the above prodrugs an asterisk (*) on a carbon refers to the L-configuration.

-   O-phenyl-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-phenyl-[N-(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh)(NH—CH₂CO₂Me) -   O-(3-chlorophenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-3-Cl)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-(2-chlorophenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-Cl)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-(4-chlorophenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-Cl)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-(4-acetamidophenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-4-NHAc)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et) -   O-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates     (—P(O)(OPh-2-CO₂Et)(NH—CH₂CO₂Et)

The following compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a thiazolyl, or an oxazolyl, or a selenazolyl, or a pyrazolyl, or an imidazolyl or an isoxazolyl or a 1,2,4-triazolyl, or a 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, or a 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof are preferred. These preferred compounds are shown in structures (i)-(iv), below:

The preferred compounds are listed in Table 1 by designated numbers assigned to A, B, X and Y′ moieties in the above formulae i-iv according to the following convention: A.B.X.Y′. For each moiety, structures are assigned to a number shown in the following tables for A, B, X, and Y′. The following terms are used: Pr-c is cyclopropyl, Pr-n is n-propyl, Pr-i is isopropyl, Bu-n is n-butyl, Bu-I is isobutyl, Bu-c is cyclobutyl, Bu-s is sec-butyl, Bu-t is tert-butyl and hexyl-c is cyclohexyl.

Variable A is selected from seven different substituents.

The A groups are assigned the following numbers: TABLE A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A = H NH₂ Br Cl F Me CF₃

Variable B is divided into four Groups, each listing, nine different substituents.

The Group 1 substituents for variable B are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B = H Me Et Pr-n Pr-i Pr-c Br Cl I

The Group 2 substituents for variable B are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B = F CN CH₂Pr-c CH₂OMe neopentyl C(O)OMe OEt SMe C(O)SMe

The Group 3 substituents for variable B are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B = SEt 4-pyridyl Bu-c C(O)OEt NMe₂ SPr-n CF₃ Bu-n Bu-i

The Group 4 substituents for variable B are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B = SPr-c OPr-i OPr-c SPr-i 2-furanyl 2-thienyl OMe CH₂SMe Bn

Variable X is selected from nine different substituents.

The X groups are assigned the following numbers: TABLE X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X = Furan- Pyridin- Oxazol- C(O)—OCH₂ C(O)—NHCH₂ C(O)—SCH₂ C(O)—N(Me)CH₂ NHC(O)—CH₂ CH₂OCH₂ 2,5-diyl 2,6-diyl 2,5-diyl The direction of X groups is defined as going from the heterocycle to the phosphorus atom as shown in formula (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv).

Variable Y′ is selected from six different substituents.

The Y′ groups are assigned the following numbers: TABLE Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y′ = S O Se NH NMe NEt

TABLE 1 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 1.1.1.3 1.1.1.4 1.1.1.5 1.1.1.6 1.1.2.1 1.1.2.2 1.1.2.3 1.1.2.4 1.1.2.5 1.1.2.6 1.1.3.1 1.1.3.2 1.1.3.3 1.1.3.4 1.1.3.5 1.1.3.6 1.1.4.1 1.1.4.2 1.1.4.3 1.1.4.4 1.1.4.5 1.1.4.6 1.1.5.1 1.1.5.2 1.1.5.3 1.1.5.4 1.1.5.5 1.1.5.6 1.1.6.1 1.1.6.2 1.1.6.3 1.1.6.4 1.1.6.5 1.1.6.6 1.1.7.1 1.1.7.2 1.1.7.3 1.1.7.4 1.1.7.5 1.1.7.6 1.1.8.1 1.1.8.2 1.1.8.3 1.1.8.4 1.1.8.5 1.1.8.6 1.1.9.1 1.1.9.2 1.1.9.3 1.1.9.4 1.1.9.5 1.1.9.6 1.2.1.1 1.2.1.2 1.2.1.3 1.2.1.4 1.2.1.5 1.2.1.6 1.2.2.1 1.2.2.2 1.2.2.3 1.2.2.4 1.2.2.5 1.2.2.6 1.2.3.1 1.2.3.2 1.2.3.3 1.2.2.4 1.2.3.5 1.2.3.6 1.2.4.1 1.2.4.2 1.2.4.3 1.2.4.4 1.2.4.5 1.2.4.6 1.2.5.1 1.2.5.2 1.2.5.3 1.2.5.4 1.2.5.5 1.2.5.6 1.2.6.1 1.2.6.2 1.2.6.3 1.2.6.4 1.2.6.5 1.2.6.6 1.2.7.1 1.2.7.2 1.2.7.3 1.2.7.4 1.2.7.5 1.2.7.6 1.2.8.1 1.2.8.2 1.2.9.3 1.2.8.4 1.2.8.5 1.2.8.6 1.2.9.1 1.2.9.2 1.2.9.3 1.2.9.4 1.2.9.5 1.2.9.6 1.3.1.1 1.3.1.2 1.3.1.3 1.3.1.4 1.3.1.5 1.3.1.6 1.3.2.1 1.3.2.2 1.3.2.3 1.3.2.4 1.3.2.5 1.3.2.6 1.3.3.1 1.3.3.2 1.3.3.3 1.3.3.4 1.3.3.5 1.3.3.6 1.3.4.1 1.3.4.2 1.3.4.3 1.3.4.4 1.3.4.5 1.3.4.6 1.3.5.1 1.3.5.2 1.3.5.3 1.3.5.4 1.3.5.5 1.3.5.6 1.3.6.1 1.3.6.2 1.3.6.3 1.3.6.4 1.3.6.5 1.3.6.6 1.3.7.1 1.3.7.2 1.3.7.3 1.3.7.4 1.3.7.5 1.3.7.6 1.3.8.1 1.3.8.2 1.3.8.3 1.3.8.4 1.3.8.5 1.3.8.6 1.3.9.1 1.3.9.2 1.3.9.3 1.3.9.4 1.3.9.5 1.3.9.6 1.4.1.1 1.4.1.2 1.4.1.3 1.4.1.4 1.4.1.5 1.4.1.6 1.4.2.1 1.4.2.2 1.4.2.3 1.4.2.4 1.4.2.5 1.4.2.6 1.4.3.1 1.4.3.2 1.4.3.3 1.4.3.4 1.4.3.5 1.4.3.6 1.4.4.1 1.4.4.2 1.4.4.3 1.4.4.4 1.4.4.5 1.4.4.6 1.4.5.1 1.4.5.2 1.4.5.3 1.4.5.4 1.4.5.5 1.4.5.6 1.4.6.1 1.4.6.2 1.4.6.3 1.4.6.4 1.4.6.5 1.4.6.6 1.4.7.1 1.4.7.2 1.4.7.3 1.4.7.4 1.4.7.5 1.4.7.6 1.4.8.1 1.4.8.2 1.4.8.3 1.4.8.4 1.4.8.5 1.4.8.6 1.4.9.1 1.4.9.2 1.4.9.3 1.4.9.4 1.4.9.5 1.4.9.6 1.5.1.1 1.5.1.2 1.5.1.3 1.5.1.4 1.5.1.5 1.5.1.6 1.5.2.1 1.5.2.2 1.5.2.3 1.5.2.4 1.5.2.5 1.5.2.6 1.5.3.1 1.5.3.2 1.5.3.3 1.5.3.4 1.5.3.5 1.5.3.6 1.5.4.1 1.5.4.2 1.5.4.3 1.5.4.4 1.5.4.5 1.5.4.6 1.5.5.1 1.5.5.2 1.5.5.3 1.5.5.4 1.5.5.5 1.5.5.6 1.5.6.1 1.5.6.2 1.5.6.3 1.5.6.4 1.5.6.5 1.5.6.6 1.5.7.1 1.5.7.2 1.5.7.3 1.5.7.4 1.5.7.5 1.5.7.6 1.5.8.1 1.5.8.2 1.5.8.3 1.5.8.4 1.5.8.5 1.5.8.6 1.5.9.1 1.5.9.2 1.5.9.3 1.5.9.4 1.5.9.5 1.5.9.6 1.6.1.1 1.6.1.2 1.6.1.3 1.6.1.4 1.6.1.5 1.6.1.6 1.6.2.1 1.6.2.2 1.6.2.3 1.6.2.4 1.6.2.5 1.6.2.6 1.6.3.1 1.6.3.2 1.6.3.3 1.6.3.4 1.6.3.5 1.6.3.6 1.6.4.1 1.6.4.2 1.6.4.3 1.6.4.4 1.6.4.5 1.6.4.6 1.6.5.1 1.6.5.2 1.6.5.3 1.6.5.4 1.6.5.5 1.6.5.6 1.6.6.1 1.6.6.2 1.6.6.3 1.6.6.4 1.6.6.5 1.6.6.6 1.6.7.1 1.6.7.2 1.6.7.3 1.6.7.4 1.6.7.5 1.6.7.6 1.6.8.1 1.6.8.2 1.6.8.3 1.6.8.4 1.6.8.5 1.6.8.6 1.6.9.1 1.6.9.2 1.6.9.3 1.6.9.4 1.6.9.5 1.6.9.6 1.7.1.1 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.3 1.7.1.4 1.7.1.5 1.7.1.6 1.7.2.1 1.7.2.2 1.7.2.3 1.7.2.4 1.7.2.5 1.7.2.6 1.7.3.1 1.7.3.2 1.7.3.3 1.7.3.4 1.7.3.5 1.7.3.6 1.7.4.1 1.7.4.2 1.7.4.3 1.7.4.4 1.7.4.5 1.7.4.6 1.7.5.1 1.7.5.2 1.7.5.3 1.7.5.4 1.7.5.5 1.7.5.6 1.7.6.1 1.7.6.2 1.7.6.3 1.7.6.4 1.7.6.5 1.7.6.6 1.7.7.1 1.7.7.2 1.7.7.3 1.7.7.4 1.7.7.5 1.7.7.6 1.7.8.1 1.7.8.2 1.7.8.3 1.7.8.4 1.7.8.5 1.7.8.6 1.7.9.1 1.7.9.2 1.7.9.3 1.7.9.4 1.7.9.5 1.7.9.6 1.8.1.1 1.8.1.2 1.8.1.3 1.8.1.4 1.8.1.5 1.8.1.6 1.8.2.1 1.8.2.2 1.8.2.3 1.8.2.4 1.8.2.5 1.8.2.6 1.8.3.1 1.8.3.2 1.8.3.3 1.8.3.4 1.8.3.5 1.8.3.6 1.8.4.1 1.8.4.2 1.8.4.3 1.8.4.4 1.8.4.5 1.8.4.6 1.8.5.1 1.8.5.2 1.8.5.3 1.8.5.4 1.8.5.5 1.8.5.6 1.8.6.1 1.8.6.2 1.8.6.3 1.8.6.4 1.8.6.5 1.8.6.6 1.8.7.1 1.8.7.2 1.8.7.3 1.8.7.4 1.8.7.5 1.8.7.6 1.8.8.1 1.8.8.2 1.8.8.3 1.8.8.4 1.8.8.5 1.8.8.6 1.8.9.1 1.8.9.2 1.8.9.3 1.8.9.4 1.8.9.5 1.8.9.6 1.9.1.1 1.9.1.2 1.9.1.3 1.9.1.4 1.9.1.5 1.9.1.6 1.9.2.1 1.9.2.2 1.9.2.3 1.9.2.4 1.9.2.5 1.9.2.6 1.9.3.1 1.9.3.2 1.9.3.3 1.9.3.4 1.9.3.5 1.9.3.6 1.9.4.1 1.9.4.2 1.9.4.3 1.9.4.4 1.9.4.5 1.9.4.6 1.9.5.1 1.9.5.2 1.9.5.3 1.9.5.4 1.9.5.5 1.9.5.6 1.9.6.1 1.9.6.2 1.9.6.3 1.9.6.4 1.9.6.5 1.9.6.6 1.9.7.1 1.9.7.2 1.9.7.3 1.9.7.4 1.9.7.5 1.9.7.6 1.9.8.1 1.9.8.2 1.9.8.3 1.9.8.4 1.9.8.5 1.9.8.6 1.9.9.1 1.9.9.2 1.9.9.3 1.9.9.4 1.9.9.5 1.9.9.6 2.1.1.1 2.1.1.2 2.1.1.3 2.1.1.4 2.1.1.5 2.1.1.6 2.1.2.1 2.1.2.2 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.4 2.1.2.5 2.1.2.6 2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.4 2.1.3.5 2.1.3.6 2.1.4.1 2.1.4.2 2.1.4.3 2.1.4.4 2.1.4.5 2.1.4.6 2.1.5.1 2.1.5.2 2.1.5.3 2.1.5.4 2.1.5.5 2.1.5.6 2.1.6.1 2.1.6.2 2.1.6.3 2.1.6.4 2.1.6.5 2.1.6.6 2.1.7.1 2.1.7.2 2.1.7.3 2.1.7.4 2.1.7.5 2.1.7.6 2.1.8.1 2.1.8.2 2.1.8.3 2.1.8.4 2.1.8.5 2.1.8.6 2.1.9.1 2.1.9.2 2.1.9.3 2.1.9.4 2.1.9.5 2.1.9.6 2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.1.3 2.2.1.4 2.2.1.5 2.2.1.6 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.3 2.2.2.4 2.2.2.5 2.2.2.6 2.2.3.1 2.2.3.2 2.2.3.3 2.2.3.4 2.2.3.5 2.2.3.6 2.2.4.1 2.2.4.2 2.2.4.3 2.2.4.4 2.2.4.5 2.2.4.6 2.2.5.1 2.2.5.2 2.2.5.3 2.2.5.4 2.2.5.5 2.2.5.6 2.2.6.1 2.2.6.2 2.2.6.3 2.2.6.4 2.2.6.5 2.2.6.6 2.2.7.1 2.2.7.2 2.2.7.3 2.2.7.4 2.2.7.5 2.2.7.6 2.2.8.1 2.2.8.2 2.2.8.3 2.2.8.4 2.2.8.5 2.2.8.6 2.2.9.1 2.2.9.2 2.2.9.3 2.2.9.4 2.2.9.5 2.2.9.6 2.3.1.1 2.3.1.2 2.3.1.3 2.3.1.4 2.3.1.5 2.3.1.6 2.3.2.1 2.3.2.2 2.3.2.3 2.3.2.4 2.3.2.5 2.3.2.6 2.3.3.1 2.3.3.2 2.3.3.3 2.3.3.4 2.3.3.5 2.3.3.6 2.3.4.1 2.3.4.2 2.3.4.3 2.3.4.4 2.3.4.5 2.3.4.6 2.3.5.1 2.3.5.2 2.3.5.3 2.3.5.4 2.3.5.5 2.3.5.6 2.3.6.1 2.3.6.2 2.3.6.3 2.3.6.4 2.3.6.5 2.3.6.6 2.3.7.1 2.3.7.2 2.3.7.3 2.3.7.4 2.3.7.5 2.3.7.6 2.3.8.1 2.3.8.2 2.3.8.3 2.3.8.4 2.3.8.5 2.3.8.6 2.3.9.1 2.3.9.2 2.3.9.3 2.3.9.4 2.3.9.5 2.3.9.6 2.4.1.1 2.4.1.2 2.4.1.3 2.4.1.4 2.4.1.5 2.4.1.6 2.4.2.1 2.4.2.2 2.4.2.3 2.4.2.4 2.4.2.5 2.4.2.6 2.4.3.1 2.4.3.2 2.4.3.3 2.4.3.4 2.4.3.5 2.4.3.6 2.4.4.1 2.4.4.2 2.4.4.3 2.4.4.4 2.4.4.5 2.4.4.6 2.4.5.1 2.4.5.2 2.4.5.3 2.4.5.4 2.4.5.5 2.4.5.6 2.4.6.1 2.4.6.2 2.4.6.3 2.4.6.4 2.4.6.5 2.4.6.6 2.4.7.1 2.4.7.2 2.4.7.3 2.4.7.4 2.4.7.5 2.4.7.6 2.4.8.1 2.4.8.2 2.4.8.3 2.4.8.4 2.4.8.5 2.4.8.6 2.4.9.1 2.4.9.2 2.4.9.3 2.4.9.4 2.4.9.5 2.4.9.6 2.5.1.1 2.5.1.2 2.5.1.3 2.5.1.4 2.5.1.5 2.5.1.6 2.5.2.1 2.5.2.2 2.5.2.3 2.5.2.4 2.5.2.5 2.5.2.6 2.5.3.1 2.5.3.2 2.5.3.3 2.5.3.4 2.5.3.5 2.5.3.6 2.5.4.1 2.5.4.2 2.5.4.3 2.5.4.4 2.5.4.5 2.5.4.6 2.5.5.1 2.5.5.2 2.5.5.3 2.5.5.4 2.5.5.5 2.5.5.6 2.5.6.1 2.5.6.2 2.5.6.3 2.5.6.4 2.5.6.5 2.5.6.6 2.5.7.1 2.5.7.2 2.5.7.3 2.5.7.4 2.5.7.5 2.5.7.6 2.5.8.1 2.5.8.2 2.5.8.3 2.5.8.4 2.5.8.5 2.5.8.6 2.5.9.1 2.5.9.2 2.5.9.3 2.5.9.4 2.5.9.5 2.5.9.6 2.6.1.1 2.6.1.2 2.6.1.3 2.6.1.4 2.6.1.5 2.6.1.6 2.6.2.1 2.6.2.2 2.6.2.3 2.6.2.4 2.6.2.5 2.6.2.6 2.6.3.1 2.6.3.2 2.6.3.3 2.6.3.4 2.6.3.5 2.6.3.6 2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 2.6.4.3 2.6.4.4 2.6.4.5 2.6.4.6 2.6.5.1 2.6.5.2 2.6.5.3 2.6.5.4 2.6.5.5 2.6.5.6 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.2 2.6.6.3 2.6.6.4 2.6.6.5 2.6.6.6 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 2.6.7.4 2.6.7.5 2.6.7.6 2.6.8.1 2.6.8.2 2.6.8.3 2.6.8.4 2.6.8.5 2.6.8.6 2.6.9.1 2.6.9.2 2.6.9.3 2.6.9.4 2.6.9.5 2.6.9.6 2.7.1.1 2.7.1.2 2.7.1.3 2.7.1.4 2.7.1.5 2.7.1.6 2.7.2.1 2.7.2.2 2.7.2.3 2.7.2.4 2.7.2.5 2.7.2.6 2.7.3.1 2.7.3.2 2.7.3.3 2.7.3.4 2.7.3.5 2.7.3.6 2.7.4.1 2.7.4.2 2.7.4.3 2.7.4.4 2.7.4.5 2.7.4.6 2.7.5.1 2.7.5.2 2.7.5.3 2.7.5.4 2.7.5.5 2.7.5.6 2.7.6.1 2.7.6.2 2.7.6.3 2.7.6.4 2.7.6.5 2.7.6.6 2.7.7.1 2.7.7.2 2.7.7.3 2.7.7.4 2.7.7.5 2.7.7.6 2.7.8.1 2.7.8.2 2.7.8.3 2.7.8.4 2.7.8.5 2.7.8.6 2.7.9.1 2.7.9.2 2.7.9.3 2.7.9.4 2.7.9.5 2.7.9.6 2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2 2.8.1.3 2.8.1.4 2.8.1.5 2.8.1.6 2.8.2.1 2.8.2.2 2.8.2.3 2.8.2.4 2.8.2.5 2.8.2.6 2.8.3.1 2.8.3.2 2.8.3.3 2.8.3.4 2.8.3.5 2.8.3.6 2.8.4.1 2.3.4.2 2.8.4.3 2.8.4.4 2.8.4.5 2.8.4.6 2.8.5.1 2.8.5.2 2.8.5.3 2.8.5.4 2.8.5.5 2.8.5.6 2.8.6.1 2.8.6.2 2.8.6.3 2.8.6.4 2.8.6.5 2.8.6.6 2.8.7.1 2.8.7.2 2.8.7.3 2.8.7.4 2.8.7.5 2.8.7.6 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.8.8.3 2.8.8.4 2.8.8.5 2.8.8.6 2.8.9.1 2.8.9.2 2.8.9.3 2.8.9.4 2.8.9.5 2.8.9.6 2.9.1.1 2.9.1.2 2.9.1.3 2.9.1.4 2.9.1.5 2.9.1.6 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.2.5 2.9.2.6 2.9.3.1 2.9.3.2 2.9.3.3 2.9.3.4 2.9.3.5 2.9.3.6 2.9.4.1 2.9.4.2 2.9.4.3 2.9.4.4 2.9.4.5 2.9.4.6 2.9.5.1 2.9.5.2 2.9.5.3 2.9.5.4 2.9.5.5 2.9.5.6 2.9.6.1 2.9.6.2 2.9.6.3 2.9.6.4 2.9.6.5 2.9.6.6 2.9.7.1 2.9.7.2 2.9.7.3 2.9.7.4 2.9.7.5 2.9.7.6 2.9.8.1 2.9.8.2 2.9.8.3 2.9.8.4 2.9.8.5 2.9.8.6 2.9.9.1 2.9.9.2 2.9.9.3 2.9.9.4 2.9.9.5 2.9.9.6 3.1.1.1 3.1.1.2 3.1.1.3 3.1.1.4 3.1.1.5 3.1.1.6 3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 3.1.2.3 3.1.2.4 3.1.2.5 3.1.2.6 3.1.3.1 3.1.3.2 3.1.3.3 3.1.3.4 3.1.3.5 3.1.3.6 3.1.4.1 3.1.4.2 3.1.4.3 3.1.4.4 3.1.4.5 3.1.4.6 3.1.5.1 3.1.5.2 3.1.5.3 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6.2.3.4 6.2.3.5 6.2.3.6 6.2.4.1 6.2.4.2 6.2.4.3 6.2.4.4 6.2.4.5 6.2.4.6 6.2.5.1 6.2.5.2 6.2.5.3 6.2.5.4 6.2.5.5 6.2.5.6 6.2.6.1 6.2.6.2 6.2.6.3 6.2.6.4 6.2.6.5 6.2.6.6 6.2.7.1 6.2.7.2 6.2.7.3 6.2.7.4 6.2.7.5 6.2.7.6 6.2.8.1 6.2.8.2 6.2.8.3 6.2.8.4 6.2.8.5 6.2.8.6 6.2.9.1 6.2.9.2 6.2.9.3 6.2.9.4 6.2.9.5 6.2.9.6 6.3.1.1 6.3.1.2 6.3.1.3 6.3.1.4 6.3.1.5 6.3.1.6 6.3.2.1 6.3.2.2 6.3.2.3 6.3.2.4 6.3.2.5 6.3.2.6 6.3.3.1 6.3.3.2 6.3.3.3 6.3.3.4 6.3.3.5 6.3.3.6 6.3.4.1 6.3.4.2 6.3.4.3 6.3.4.4 6.3.4.5 6.3.4.6 6.3.5.1 6.3.5.2 6.3.5.3 6.3.5.4 6.3.5.5 6.3.5.6 6.3.6.1 6.3.6.2 6.3.6.3 6.3.6.4 6.3.6.5 6.3.6.6 6.3.7.1 6.3.7.2 6.3.7.3 6.3.7.4 6.3.7.5 6.3.7.6 6.3.8.1 6.3.8.2 6.3.8.3 6.3.8.4 6.3.8.5 6.3.8.6 6.3.9.1 6.3.9.2 6.3.9.3 6.3.9.4 6.3.9.5 6.3.9.6 6.4.1.1 6.4.1.2 6.4.1.3 6.4.1.4 6.4.1.5 6.4.1.6 6.4.2.1 6.4.2.2 6.4.2.3 6.4.2.4 6.4.2.5 6.4.2.6 6.4.3.1 6.4.3.2 6.4.3.3 6.4.3.4 6.4.3.5 6.4.3.6 6.4.4.1 6.4.4.2 6.4.4.3 6.4.4.4 6.4.4.5 6.4.4.6 6.4.5.1 6.4.5.2 6.4.5.3 6.4.5.4 6.4.5.5 6.4.5.6 6.4.6.1 6.4.6.2 6.4.6.3 6.4.6.4 6.4.6.5 6.4.6.6 6.4.7.1 6.4.7.2 6.4.7.3 6.4.7.4 6.4.7.5 6.4.7.6 6.4.8.1 6.4.8.2 6.4.8.3 6.4.8.4 6.4.8.5 6.4.8.6 6.4.9.1 6.4.9.2 6.4.9.3 6.4.9.4 6.4.9.5 6.4.9.6 6.5.1.1 6.5.1.2 6.5.1.3 6.5.1.4 6.5.1.5 6.5.1.6 6.5.2.1 6.5.2.2 6.5.2.3 6.5.2.4 6.5.2.5 6.5.2.6 6.5.3.1 6.5.3.2 6.5.3.3 6.5.3.4 6.5.3.5 6.5.3.6 6.5.4.1 6.5.4.2 6.5.4.3 6.5.4.4 6.5.4.5 6.5.4.6 6.5.5.1 6.5.5.2 6.5.5.3 6.5.5.4 6.5.5.5 6.5.5.6 6.5.6.1 6.5.6.2 6.5.6.3 6.5.6.4 6.5.6.5 6.5.6.6 6.5.7.1 6.5.7.2 6.5.7.3 6.5.7.4 6.5.7.5 6.5.7.6 6.5.8.1 6.5.8.2 6.5.8.3 6.5.8.4 6.5.8.5 6.5.8.6 6.5.9.1 6.5.9.2 6.5.9.3 6.5.9.4 6.5.9.5 6.5.9.6 6.6.1.1 6.6.1.2 6.6.1.3 6.6.1.4 6.6.1.5 6.6.1.6 6.6.2.1 6.6.2.2 6.6.2.3 6.6.2.4 6.6.2.5 6.6.2.6 6.6.3.1 6.6.3.2 6.6.3.3 6.6.3.4 6.6.3.5 6.6.3.6 6.6.4.1 6.6.4.2 6.6.4.3 6.6.4.4 6.6.4.5 6.6.4.6 6.6.5.1 6.6.5.2 6.6.5.3 6.6.5.4 6.6.5.5 6.6.5.6 6.6.6.1 6.6.6.2 6.6.6.3 6.6.6.4 6.6.6.5 6.6.6.6 6.6.7.1 6.6.7.2 6.6.7.3 6.6.7.4 6.6.7.5 6.6.7.6 6.6.8.1 6.6.8.2 6.6.8.3 6.6.8.4 6.6.8.5 6.6.8.6 6.6.9.1 6.6.9.2 6.6.9.3 6.6.9.4 6.6.9.5 6.6.9.6 6.7.1.1 6.7.1.2 6.7.1.3 6.7.1.4 6.7.1.5 6.7.1.6 6.7.2.1 6.7.2.2 6.7.2.3 6.7.2.4 6.7.2.5 6.7.2.6 6.7.3.1 6.7.3.2 6.7.3.3 6.7.3.4 6.7.3.5 6.7.3.6 6.7.4.1 6.7.4.2 6.7.4.3 6.7.4.4 6.7.4.5 6.7.4.6 6.7.5.1 6.7.5.2 6.7.5.3 6.7.5.4 6.7.5.5 6.7.5.6 6.7.6.1 6.7.6.2 6.7.6.3 6.7.6.4 6.7.6.5 6.7.6.6 6.7.7.1 6.7.7.2 6.7.7.3 6.7.7.4 6.7.7.5 6.7.7.6 6.7.8.1 6.7.8.2 6.7.8.3 6.7.8.4 6.7.8.5 6.7.8.6 6.7.9.1 6.7.9.2 6.7.9.3 6.7.9.4 6.7.9.5 6.7.9.6 6.8.1.1 6.8.1.2 6.8.1.3 6.8.1.4 6.8.1.5 6.8.1.6 6.8.2.1 6.8.2.2 6.8.2.3 6.8.2.4 6.8.2.5 6.8.2.6 6.8.3.1 6.8.3.2 6.8.3.3 6.8.3.4 6.8.3.5 6.8.3.6 6.8.4.1 6.8.4.2 6.8.4.3 6.8.4.4 6.8.4.5 6.8.4.6 6.8.5.1 6.8.5.2 6.8.5.3 6.8.5.4 6.8.5.5 6.8.5.6 6.8.6.1 6.8.6.2 6.8.6.3 6.8.6.4 6.8.6.5 6.8.6.6 6.8.7.1 6.8.7.2 6.8.7.3 6.8.7.4 6.8.7.5 6.8.7.6 6.8.8.1 6.8.8.2 6.8.8.3 6.8.8.4 6.8.8.5 6.8.8.6 6.8.9.1 6.8.9.2 6.8.9.3 6.8.9.4 6.8.9.5 6.8.9.6 6.9.1.1 6.9.1.2 6.9.1.3 6.9.1.4 6.9.1.5 6.9.1.6 6.9.2.1 6.9.2.2 6.9.2.3 6.9.2.4 6.9.2.5 6.9.2.6 6.9.3.1 6.9.3.2 6.9.3.3 6.9.3.4 6.9.3.5 6.9.3.6 6.9.4.1 6.9.4.2 6.9.4.3 6.9.4.4 6.9.4.5 6.9.4.6 6.9.5.1 6.9.5.2 6.9.5.3 6.9.5.4 6.9.5.5 6.9.5.6 6.9.6.1 6.9.6.2 6.9.6.3 6.9.6.4 6.9.6.5 6.9.6.6 6.9.7.1 6.9.7.2 6.9.7.3 6.9.7.4 6.9.7.5 6.9.7.6 6.9.8.1 6.9.8.2 6.9.8.3 6.9.8.4 6.9.8.5 6.9.8.6 6.9.9.1 6.9.9.2 6.9.9.3 6.9.9.4 6.9.9.5 6.9.9.6 7.1.1.1 7.1.1.2 7.1.1.3 7.1.1.4 7.1.1.5 7.1.1.6 7.1.2.1 7.1.2.2 7.1.2.3 7.1.2.4 7.1.2.5 7.1.2.6 7.1.3.1 7.1.3.2 7.1.3.3 7.1.3.4 7.1.3.5 7.1.3.6 7.1.4.1 7.1.4.2 7.1.4.3 7.1.4.4 7.1.4.5 7.1.4.6 7.1.5.1 7.1.5.2 7.1.5.3 7.1.5.4 7.1.5.5 7.1.5.6 7.1.6.1 7.1.6.2 7.1.6.3 7.1.6.4 7.1.6.5 7.1.6.6 7.1.7.1 7.1.7.2 7.1.7.3 7.1.7.4 7.1.7.5 7.1.7.6 7.1.8.1 7.1.8.2 7.1.8.3 7.1.8.4 7.1.8.5 7.1.8.6 7.1.9.1 7.1.9.2 7.1.9.3 7.1.9.4 7.1.9.5 7.1.9.6 7.2.1.1 7.2.1.2 7.2.1.3 7.2.1.4 7.2.1.5 7.2.1.6 7.2.2.1 7.2.2.2 7.2.2.3 7.2.2.4 7.2.2.5 7.2.2.6 7.2.3.1 7.2.3.2 7.2.3.3 7.2.3.4 7.2.3.5 7.2.3.6 7.2.4.1 7.2.4.2 7.2.4.3 7.2.4.4 7.2.4.5 7.2.4.6 7.2.5.1 7.2.5.2 7.2.5.3 7.2.5.4 7.2.5.5 7.2.5.6 7.2.6.1 7.2.6.2 7.2.6.3 7.2.6.4 7.2.6.5 7.2.6.6 7.2.7.1 7.2.7.2 7.2.7.3 7.2.7.4 7.2.7.5 7.2.7.6 7.2.8.1 7.2.8.2 7.2.8.3 7.2.8.4 7.2.8.5 7.2.8.6 7.2.9.1 7.2.9.2 7.2.9.3 7.2.9.4 7.2.9.5 7.2.9.6 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3 7.3.1.4 7.3.1.5 7.3.1.6 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 7.3.2.3 7.3.2.4 7.3.2.5 7.3.2.6 7.3.3.1 7.3.3.2 7.3.3.3 7.3.3.4 7.3.3.5 7.3.3.6 7.3.4.1 7.3.4.2 7.3.4.3 7.3.4.4 7.3.4.5 7.3.4.6 7.3.5.1 7.3.5.2 7.3.5.3 7.3.5.4 7.3.5.5 7.3.5.6 7.3.6.1 7.3.6.2 7.3.6.3 7.3.6.4 7.3.6.5 7.3.6.6 7.3.7.1 7.3.7.2 7.3.7.3 7.3.7.4 7.3.7.5 7.3.7.6 7.3.8.1 7.3.8.2 7.3.8.3 7.3.8.4 7.3.8.5 7.3.8.6 7.3.9.1 7.3.9.2 7.3.9.3 7.3.9.4 7.3.9.5 7.3.9.6 7.4.1.1 7.4.1.2 7.4.1.3 7.4.1.4 7.4.1.5 7.4.1.6 7.4.2.1 7.4.2.2 7.4.2.3 7.4.2.4 7.4.2.5 7.4.2.6 7.4.3.1 7.4.3.2 7.4.3.3 7.4.3.4 7.4.3.5 7.4.3.6 7.4.4.1 7.4.4.2 7.4.4.3 7.4.4.4 7.4.4.5 7.4.4.6 7.4.5.1 7.4.5.2 7.4.5.3 7.4.5.4 7.4.5.5 7.4.5.6 7.4.6.1 7.4.6.2 7.4.6.3 7.4.6.4 7.4.6.5 7.4.6.6 7.4.7.1 7.4.7.2 7.4.7.3 7.4.7.4 7.4.7.5 7.4.7.6 7.4.8.1 7.4.8.2 7.4.8.3 7.4.8.4 7.4.8.5 7.4.8.6 7.4.9.1 7.4.9.2 7.4.9.3 7.4.9.4 7.4.9.5 7.4.9.6 7.5.1.1 7.5.1.2 7.5.1.3 7.5.1.4 7.5.1.5 7.5.1.6 7.5.2.1 7.5.2.2 7.5.2.3 7.5.2.4 7.5.2.5 7.5.2.6 7.5.3.1 7.5.3.2 7.5.3.3 7.5.3.4 7.5.3.5 7.5.3.6 7.5.4.1 7.5.4.2 7.5.4.3 7.5.4.4 7.5.4.5 7.5.4.6 7.5.5.1 7.5.5.2 7.5.5.3 7.5.5.4 7.5.5.5 7.5.5.6 7.5.6.1 7.5.6.2 7.5.6.3 7.5.6.4 7.5.6.5 7.5.6.6 7.5.7.1 7.5.7.2 7.5.7.3 7.5.7.4 7.5.7.5 7.5.7.6 7.5.8.1 7.5.8.2 7.5.8.3 7.5.8.4 7.5.8.5 7.5.8.6 7.5.9.1 7.5.9.2 7.5.9.3 7.5.9.4 7.5.9.5 7.5.9.6 7.6.1.1 7.6.1.2 7.6.1.3 7.6.1.4 7.6.1.5 7.6.1.6 7.6.2.1 7.6.2.2 7.6.2.3 7.6.2.4 7.6.2.5 7.6.2.6 7.6.3.1 7.6.3.2 7.6.3.3 7.6.3.4 7.6.3.5 7.6.3.6 7.6.4.1 7.6.4.2 7.6.4.3 7.6.4.4 7.6.4.5 7.6.4.6 7.6.5.1 7.6.5.2 7.6.5.3 7.6.5.4 7.6.5.5 7.6.5.6 7.6.6.1 7.6.6.2 7.6.6.3 7.6.6.4 7.6.6.5 7.6.6.6 7.6.7.1 7.6.7.2 7.6.7.3 7.6.7.4 7.6.7.5 7.6.7.6 7.6.8.1 7.6.8.2 7.6.8.3 7.6.8.4 7.6.8.5 7.6.8.6 7.6.9.1 7.6.9.2 7.6.9.3 7.6.9.4 7.6.9.5 7.6.9.6 7.7.1.1 7.7.1.2 7.7.1.3 7.7.1.4 7.7.1.5 7.7.1.6 7.7.2.1 7.7.2.2 7.7.2.3 7.7.2.4 7.7.2.5 7.7.2.6 7.7.3.1 7.7.3.2 7.7.3.3 7.7.3.4 7.7.3.5 7.7.3.6 7.7.4.1 7.7.4.2 7.7.4.3 7.7.4.4 7.7.4.5 7.7.4.6 7.7.5.1 7.7.5.2 7.7.5.3 7.7.5.4 7.7.5.5 7.7.5.6 7.7.6.1 7.7.6.2 7.7.6.3 7.7.6.4 7.7.6.5 7.7.6.6 7.7.7.1 7.7.7.2 7.7.7.3 7.7.7.4 7.7.7.5 7.7.7.6 7.7.8.1 7.7.8.2 7.7.8.3 7.7.8.4 7.7.8.5 7.7.8.6 7.7.9.1 7.7.9.2 7.7.9.3 7.7.9.4 7.7.9.5 7.7.9.6 7.8.1.1 7.8.1.2 7.8.1.3 7.8.1.4 7.8.1.5 7.8.1.6 7.8.2.1 7.8.2.2 7.8.2.3 7.8.2.4 7.8.2.5 7.8.2.6 7.8.3.1 7.8.3.2 7.8.3.3 7.8.3.4 7.8.3.5 7.8.3.6 7.8.4.1 7.8.4.2 7.8.4.3 7.8.4.4 7.8.4.5 7.8.4.6 7.8.5.1 7.3.5.2 7.8.5.3 7.8.5.4 7.8.5.5 7.8.5.6 7.8.6.1 7.8.6.2 7.8.6.3 7.8.6.4 7.8.6.5 7.8.6.6 7.8.7.1 7.8.7.2 7.8.7.3 7.8.7.4 7.8.7.5 7.8.7.6 7.8.8.1 7.8.8.2 7.8.8.3 7.8.8.4 7.8.8.5 7.8.8.6 7.8.9.1 7.8.9.2 7.8.9.3 7.8.9.4 7.8.9.5 7.8.9.6 7.9.1.1 7.9.1.2 7.9.1.3 7.9.1.4 7.9.1.5 7.9.1.6 7.9.2.1 7.9.2.2 7.9.2.3 7.9.2.4 7.9.2.5 7.9.2.6 7.9.3.1 7.9.3.2 7.9.3.3 7.9.3.4 7.9.3.5 7.9.3.6 7.9.4.1 7.9.4.2 7.9.4.3 7.9.4.4 7.9.4.5 7.9.4.6 7.9.5.1 7.9.5.2 7.9.5.3 7.9.5.4 7.9.5.5 7.9.5.6 7.9.6.1 7.9.6.2 7.9.6.3 7.9.6.4 7.9.6.5 7.9.6.6 7.9.7.1 7.9.7.2 7.9.7.3 7.9.7.4 7.9.7.5 7.9.7.6 7.9.8.1 7.9.8.2 7.9.8.3 7.9.8.4 7.9.8.5 7.9.8.6 7.9.9.1 7.9.9.2 7.9.9.3 7.9.9.4 7.9.9.5 7.9.9.6

Therefore, compounds named in Table 1 of formula (i) having —S— as Y′ are compounds with a thiazolyl as R⁵ in formula I. For example, using Group 1 for variable B the compound named 2.6.1.1 specifies —NH₂ as A, —Pr-c as B, furan-2,5-diyl as X and —S— as Y′, and this compound is 2-amino-5-cyclopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole prepared in Example 3 as compound 3.27. Analogously, compounds named in Table 1 of formula (i) having —O— as Y′ are compounds with an oxazolyl as R⁵ in formula I. For example, using group 1 for variable B, the compound named 2.4.1.2 in Table 1 of formula (i) has the structure of 2-amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(phosphono)furanyl]oxazole prepared in Example 10 as compound 10.2. Similarly, compounds named in Table 1 of formula (i) having —Se— as Y′ are compounds with a selenazolyl as R⁵ in formula I. Thus, using Group 1 for variable B, the compound named 2.3.1.3 in Table 1 of formula (i) has the structure of 2-amino-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]selenazole prepared in Example 3 as compound 3.72.

Likewise, using Group 2 for variable B, the compound named in Table 1 of formula (i) as 2.8.1.1 is 2-amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole prepared in Example 3 as compound 3.26. Using Group 3 for variable B, the compound named in Table 1 of formula (i) as 2.9.1.1 is 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole prepared in Example 3 as compound 3.1.

Using Group 4 for variable B, the compound named in Table 1 of formula (i) as 2.6.1.1 is 2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole prepared in Example 6 as compound 6.3.

Some of the exemplary embodiments of the compounds named in Table 1 using Groups 1-4 for variable B in the compounds of formulae (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are listed in Table 2. TABLE 2 compound Compound Synthetic groups number as Example where B is A.B.X.Y No. formula A selected B X* Y 2.1.1.1 3.13 (i) NH2 1 H furan-2,5-diyl S 2.2.1.1 3.16 (i) NH2 1 Me furan-2,5-diyl S 2.3.1.1 3.21 (i) NH2 1 Et furan-2,5-diyl S 2.4.1.1 3.24 (i) NH2 1 Pr-n furan-2,5-diyl S 2.5.1.1 3.2 (i) NH2 1 Pr-i furan-2,5-diyl S 2.6.1.1 3.27 (i) NH2 1 Pr-c furan-2,5-diyl S 2.9.1.1 3.1 (i) NH2 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl S 2.5.1.1 6.2 (i) NH2 4 2-furanyl furan-2,5-diyl S 2.3.1.1 3.30 (i) NH2 3 Bu-c furan-2,5-diyl S 2.6.1.1 6.3 (i) NH2 4 2-thienyl furan-2,5-diyl S 2.8.1.1 4.2 (i) NH2 1 Cl furan-2,5-diyl S 2.7.1.1 4.1 (i) NH2 1 Br furan-2,5-diyl S 2.9.1.1 4.3 (i) NH2 1 I furan-2,5-diyl S 2.8.1.1 3.26 (i) NH2 2 SMe furan-2,5-diyl S 2.1.1.1 3.59 (i) NH2 3 SEt furan-2,5-diyl S 2.6.1.1 3.58 (i) NH2 3 SPr-n furan-2,5-diyl S 2.4.1.1 3.55 (i) NH2 4 SPr-i furan-2,5-diyl S 2.9.1.1 3.36 (i) NH2 4 Bn furan-2,5-diyl S 2.6.1.1 3.33 (i) NH2 2 C(O)OMe furan-2,5-diyl S 2.4.1.1 3.25 (i) NH2 3 C(O)OEt furan-2,5-diyl S 1.1.1.1 3.3 (i) H 1 H furan-2,5-diyl S 1.9.1.1 3.7 (i) H 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl S 6.8.1.1 3.50 (i) Me 2 SMe furan-2,5-diyl S 4.9.1.1 5.2 (i) Cl 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl S 3.7.1.1 4.4 (i) Br 1 Br furan-2,5-diyl S 3.9.1.1 5.1 (i) Br 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl S 6.6.1.1 3.42 (i) Me 1 Pr-c furan-2,5-diyl S 6.1.1.1 3.4 (i) Me 1 H furan-2,5-diyl S 6.2.1.1 3.17 (i) Me 1 Me furan-2,5-diyl S 6.7.1.1 4.5 (i) Me 1 Br furan-2,5-diyl S 6.9.1.1 3.2 (i) Me 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl S 6.3.1.1 3.41 (i) Me 1 Et furan-2,5-diyl S 6.4.1.1 3.43 (i) Me 3 C(O)OEt furan-2,5-diyl S 1.4.1.1 3.65 (i) H 3 C(O)OEt furan-2,5-diyl S 6.1.9.1 8.1 (i) Me 1 H CH2OCH2 S 6.7.9.1 8.2 (i) Me 1 Br CH2OCH2 S 2.9.4.1 18.16 (i) NH2 4 Bn C(O)OCH2 S 2.1.9.1 8.3 (i) NH2 1 H CH2OCH2 S 2.2.4.1 18.27 (i) NH2 1 Me C(O)OCH2 S 2.1.4.1 18.37 (i) NH2 1 H C(O)OCH2 S 2.3.4.1 18.3 (i) NH2 1 Et C(O)OCH2 S 2.5.4.1 18.20 (i) NH2 1 Pr-i C(O)OCH2 S 2.5.5.1 18.19 (i) NH2 1 Pr-i C(O)NHCH2 S 2.3.5.1 18.18 (i) NH2 1 Et C(O)NHCH2 S 2.2.5.1 18.24 (i) NH2 1 Me C(O)NHCH2 S 2.1.5.1 18.6 (i) NH2 1 H C(O)NHCH2 S 2.1.4.1 18.1 (i) NH2 1 H C(O)OCH2 S 2.7.5.1 18.11 (i) NH2 1 Br C(O)NHCH2 S 2.7.4.1 18.2 (i) NH2 1 Br C(O)OCH2 S 2.6.4.1 18.15 (i) NH2 4 2-thienyl C(O)OCH2 S 2.6.5.1 18.12 (i) NH2 4 2-thienyl C(O)NHCH2 S 2.1.2.1 3.67 (i) NH2 1 H pyridin-2,6-diyl S 6.2.8.1 18.7 (iii) Me 1 Me NHC(O)CH2 S 2.1.1.2 10.5 (i) NH2 1 H furan-2,5-diyl O 2.2.1.2 10.4 (i) NH2 1 Me furan-2,5-diyl O 2.3.1.2 10.3 (i) NH2 1 Et furan-2,5-diyl O 2.4.1.2 10.2 (i) NH2 1 Pr-n furan-2,5-diyl O 2.8.1.2 10.12 (i) NH2 3 Bu-n furan-2,5-diyl O 2.9.1.2 10.1 (i) NH2 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl O 2.6.1.2 10.37 (i) NH2 2 C(O)OMe furan-2,5-diyl O 2.1.4.2 18.22 (i) NH2 1 H C(O)OCH2 O 2.5.4.2 18.30 (i) NH2 1 Pr-i C(O)OCH2 O 2.2.4.2 18.33 (i) NH2 1 Me C(O)OCH2 O 2.8.4.2 18.38 (i) NH2 3 Bu-n C(O)OCH2 O 2.4.4.2 18.40 (i) NH2 1 Pr-n C(O)OCH2 O 2.9.1.2 10.8 (i) NH2 4 Bn furan-2,5-diyl O 2.8.1.2 10.34 (i) NH2 2 SMe furan-2,5-diyl O 2.1.1.2 10.42 (i) NH2 3 SEt furan-2,5-diyl O 2.6.1.2 10.43 (i) NH2 3 SPr-n furan-2,5-diyl O 2.4.1.2 10.40 (i) NH2 4 SPr-i furan-2,5-diyl O 2.4.1.2 10.27 (i) NH2 3 C(O)OEt furan-2,5-diyl O 1.9.1.2 10.11 (i) H 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl O 6.9.1.2 10.19 (i) Me 2 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl O 7.1.1.4 10.22 (i) CF3 1 H furan-2,5-diyl NH 6.9.1.4 10.21 (i) Me 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl NH 6.9.1.5 11.2 (i) Me 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl NMe 6.4.1.4 10.2 (i) Me 1 Pr-n furan-2,5-diyl NH 6.9.1.5 11.2 (i) Me 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl NMe 6.2.1.4 10.34 (iii) Me 1 Me furan-2,5-diyl NH 2.4.1.2 26.4 (ii) NH2 3 C(O)OEt furan-2,5-diyl O 1.9.1.5 25.2 (ii) H 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl NMe 1.9.1.4 25.1 (ii) H 3 Bu-i furan-2,5-diyl H 1.7.8.1 (iii) H 1 Br NHC(O)CH2 S 1.1.8.1 (iii) H 1 H NHC(O)CH2 S *The direction of X groups is defined as going from R5 to the phosphorus atom.

The following compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a pyridinyl, or a pyrimidinyl, or a pyrazinyl or a pyridazinyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof are preferred. These preferred compounds are shown in structures (v)-(ix), below:

The preferred compounds of formula (v)-(ix) are listed in Table 3 by designated numbers assigned to A, B, X, D and E in the above formulae (v)-(ix) according to the following convention: A.B.X.D.E. For compounds of formula (vi) D is null and designated with number 0, for compounds of formula (vii) E is null and designated with number 0, and for compounds of formula (viii) B is null and designated with number 0. For example, all compounds named in Table 3 of formula (vi) are assigned as A.B.X.0.E, all compounds named in Table 3 of formula (vii) are assigned as A.B.X.D.0, all compounds named in Table 3 of formula (viii) are assigned as A.0.X.D.E, and all compounds named in Table 3 of formula (ix) are assigned as 0.B.X.D.E. For each moiety, structures are assigned to a number shown in the following tables for A, B, X, D, and E.

Variable A is selected from eight different substituents.

The A groups are assigned the following numbers: TABLE A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A = H NH₂ Br Cl F Me CF₃ C(O)NH₂

Variable 3 is divided into four Groups, each listing eight different substituents.

The Group 1 substituents for variable B are assigned the following numbers: TABLE B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B = H Me Et Pr-n Pr-i Pr-c Br Cl

The Group 2 substituents for variable B are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B = F CN CH₂Pr-c Bu-i C(O)SMe C(O)OMe OEt SMe

The Group 3 substituents for variable B are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B = SEt 4- Bu-c C(O)OEt NMe₂ SPr-n CF₃ OPr- pyridyl n

The Group 4 substituents for variable B are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B = SPr-c OPr-i OPr-c SPr-i 2-furanyl 2-thienyl OMe Bn

Variable X is divided into two Groups, each listing four different substituents.

The Group 1 substituents for variable X are assigned with the following numbers: TABLE X 1 2 3 4 X = Furan-2,5-diyl Pyridin-2,6-diyl C(O)NHCH₂ C(O)OCH₂ The direction of X groups is defined as going from the heterocycle to the phosphorus atom as shown in formula (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) and (ix).

The Group 2 substituents for variable X are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 X = NHC(O)CH₂ C(O)N(Me)CH₂ Ethyn-1,2-diyl CH₂ O CH₂

Variable D is divided into two groups, each listing eight different substituents.

The D groups are assigned the following numbers: TABLE D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D = H Me Et C(O)OEt SMe Pr-c Br Cl

The Group 2 substituents for variable D are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D = F I CN CH₂Pr-c CH₂OMe C(O)NH₂ OMe CF₁

Variable E is divided into three Groups, each listing four different substituents.

The Groups 1 substituents for variable E are assigned the following numbers: TABLE E 1 2 3 4 E = H Me Et Pr-n

The Group 2 substituents for variable E are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 E = Br Cl F CN

The Group 3 substituents for variable E are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 E = C(O)OMe Pr-c SMe OMe

TABLE 3 1.1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1.3 1.1.1.1.4 1.1.1.2.1 1.1.1.2.2 1.1.1.2.3 1.1.1.2.4 1.1.1.3.1 1.1.1.3.2 1.1.1.3.3 1.1.1.3.4 1.1.1.4.1 1.1.1.4.2 1.1.1.4.3 1.1.1.4.4 1.1.1.5.1 1.1.1.5.2 1.1.1.5.3 1.1.1.5.4 1.1.1.6.1 1.1.1.6.2 1.1.1.6.3 1.1.1.6.4 1.1.1.7.1 1.1.1.7.2 1.1.1.7.3 1.1.1.7.4 1.1.1.8.1 1.1.1.8.2 1.1.1.8.3 1.1.1.8.4 1.1.2.1.1 1.1.2.1.2 1.1.2.1.3 1.1.2.1.4 1.1.2.2.1 1.1.2.2.2 1.1.2.2.3 1.1.2.2.4 1.1.2.3.1 1.1.2.3.2 1.1.2.3.3 1.1.2.3.4 1.1.2.4.1 1.1.2.4.2 1.1.2.4.3 1.1.2.4.4 1.1.2.5.1 1.1.2.5.2 1.1.2.5.3 1.1.2.5.4 1.1.2.6.1 1.1.2.6.2 1.1.2.6.3 1.1.2.6.4 1.1.2.7.1 1.1.2.7.2 1.1.2.7.3 1.1.2.7.4 1.1.2.8.1 1.1.2.8.2 1.1.2.8.3 1.1.2.8.4 1.1.3.1.1 1.1.3.1.2 1.1.3.1.3 1.1.3.1.4 1.1.3.2.1 1.1.3.2.2 1.1.3.2.3 1.1.3.2.4 1.1.3.3.1 1.1.3.3.2 1.1.3.3.3 1.1.3.3.4 1.1.3.4.1 1.1.3.4.2 1.1.3.4.3 1.1.3.4.4 1.1.3.5.1 1.1.3.5.2 1.1.3.5.3 1.1.3.5.4 1.1.3.6.1 1.1.3.6.2 1.1.3.6.3 1.1.3.6.4 1.1.3.7.1 1.1.3.7.2 1.1.3.7.3 1.1.3.7.4 1.1.3.8.1 1.1.3.8.2 1.1.3.8.3 1.1.3.8.4 1.1.4.1.1 1.1.4.1.2 1.1.4.1.3 1.1.4.1.4 1.1.4.2.1 1.1.4.2.2 1.1.4.2.3 1.1.4.2.4 1.1.4.3.1 1.1.4.3.2 1.1.4.3.3 1.1.4.3.4 1.1.4.4.1 1.1.4.4.2 1.1.4.4.3 1.1.4.4.4 1.1.4.5.1 1.1.4.5.2 1.1.4.5.3 1.1.4.5.4 1.1.4.6.1 1.1.4.6.2 1.1.4.6.3 1.1.4.6.4 1.1.4.7.1 1.1.4.7.2 1.1.4.7.3 1.1.4.7.4 1.1.4.8.1 1.1.4.8.2 1.1.4.8.3 1.1.4.8.4 1.2.1.1.1 1.2.1.1.2 1.2.1.1.3 1.2.1.1.4 1.2.1.2.1 1.2.1.2.2 1.2.1.2.3 1.2.1.2.4 1.2.1.3.1 1.2.1.3.2 1.2.1.3.3 1.2.1.3.4 1.2.1.4.1 1.2.1.4.2 1.2.1.4.3 1.2.1.4.4 1.2.1.5.1 1.2.1.5.2 1.2.1.5.3 1.2.1.5.4 1.2.1.6.1 1.2.1.6.2 1.2.1.6.3 1.2.1.6.4 1.2.1.7.1 1.2.1.7.2 1.2.1.7.3 1.2.1.7.4 1.2.1.8.1 1.2.1.8.2 1.2.1.8.3 1.2.1.8.4 1.2.2.1.1 1.2.2.1.2 1.2.2.1.3 1.2.2.1.4 1.2.2.2.1 1.2.2.2.2 1.2.2.2.3 1.2.2.2.4 1.2.2.3.1 1.2.2.3.2 1.2.2.3.3 1.2.2.3.4 1.2.2.4.1 1.2.2.4.2 1.2.2.4.3 1.2.2.4.4 1.2.2.5.1 1.2.2.5.2 1.2.2.5.3 1.2.2.5.4 1.2.2.6.1 1.2.2.6.2 1.2.2.6.3 1.2.2.6.4 1.2.2.7.1 1.2.2.7.2 1.2.2.7.3 1.2.2.7.4 1.2.2.8.1 1.2.2.8.2 1.2.2.8.3 1.2.2.8.4 1.2.3.1.1 1.2.3.1.2 1.2.3.1.3 1.2.3.1.4 1.2.3.2.1 1.2.3.2.2 1.2.3.2.3 1.2.3.2.4 1.2.3.3.1 1.2.3.3.2 1.2.3.3.3 1.2.3.3.4 1.2.3.4.1 1.2.3.4.2 1.2.3.4.3 1.2.3.4.4 1.2.3.5.1 1.2.3.5.2 1.2.3.5.3 1.2.3.5.4 1.2.3.6.1 1.2.3.6.2 1.2.3.6.3 1.2.3.6.4 1.2.3.7.1 1.2.3.7.2 1.2.3.7.3 1.2.3.7.4 1.2.3.8.1 1.2.3.8.2 1.2.3.8.3 1.2.3.8.4 1.2.4.1.1 1.2.4.1.2 1.2.4.1.3 1.2.4.1.4 1.2.4.2.1 1.2.4.2.2 1.2.4.2.3 1.2.4.2.4 1.2.4.3.1 1.2.4.3.2 1.2.4.3.3 1.2.4.3.4 1.2.4.4.1 1.2.4.4.2 1.2.4.4.3 1.2.4.4.4 1.2.4.5.1 1.2.4.5.2 1.2.4.5.3 1.2.4.5.4 1.2.4.6.1 1.2.4.6.2 1.2.4.6.3 1.2.4.6.4 1.2.4.7.1 1.2.4.7.2 1.2.4.7.3 1.2.4.7.4 1.2.4.8.1 1.2.4.8.2 1.2.4.8.3 1.2.4.8.4 1.3.1.1.1 1.3.1.1.2 1.3.1.1.3 1.3.1.1.4 1.3.1.2.1 1.3.1.2.2 1.3.1.2.3 1.3.1.2.4 1.3.1.3.1 1.3.1.3.2 1.3.1.3.3 1.3.1.3.4 1.3.1.4.1 1.3.1.4.2 1.3.1.4.3 1.3.1.4.4 1.3.1.5.1 1.3.1.5.2 1.3.1.5.3 1.3.1.5.4 1.3.1.6.1 1.3.1.6.2 1.3.1.6.3 1.3.1.6.4 1.3.1.7.1 1.3.1.7.2 1.3.1.7.3 1.3.1.7.4 1.3.1.8.1 1.3.1.8.2 1.3.1.8.3 1.3.1.8.4 1.3.2.1.1 1.3.2.1.2 1.3.2.1.3 1.3.2.1.4 1.3.2.2.1 1.3.2.2.2 1.3.2.2.3 1.3.2.2.4 1.3.2.3.1 1.3.2.3.2 1.3.2.3.3 1.3.2.3.4 1.3.2.4.1 1.3.2.4.2 1.3.2.4.3 1.3.2.4.4 1.3.2.5.1 1.3.2.5.2 1.3.2.5.3 1.3.2.5.4 1.3.2.6.1 1.3.2.6.2 1.3.2.6.3 1.3.2.6.4 1.3.2.7.1 1.3.2.7.2 1.3.2.7.3 1.3.2.7.4 1.3.2.8.1 1.3.2.8.2 1.3.2.8.3 1.3.2.8.4 1.3.3.1.1 1.3.3.1.2 1.3.3.1.3 1.3.3.1.4 1.3.3.2.1 1.3.3.2.2 1.3.3.2.3 1.3.3.2.4 1.3.3.3.1 1.3.3.3.2 1.3.3.3.3 1.3.3.3.4 1.3.3.4.1 1.3.3.4.2 1.3.3.4.3 1.3.3.4.4 1.3.3.5.1 1.3.3.5.2 1.3.3.5.3 1.3.3.5.4 1.3.3.6.1 1.3.3.6.2 1.3.3.6.3 1.3.3.6.4 1.3.3.7.1 1.3.3.7.2 1.3.3.7.3 1.3.3.7.4 1.3.3.8.1 1.3.3.8.2 1.3.3.8.3 1.3.3.8.4 1.3.4.1.1 1.3.4.1.2 1.3.4.1.3 1.3.4.1.4 1.3.4.2.1 1.3.4.2.2 1.3.4.2.3 1.3.4.2.4 1.3.4.3.1 1.3.4.3.2 1.3.4.3.3 1.3.4.3.4 1.3.4.4.1 1.3.4.4.2 1.3.4.4.3 1.3.4.4.4 1.3.4.5.1 1.3.4.5.2 1.3.4.5.3 1.3.4.5.4 1.3.4.6.1 1.3.4.6.2 1.3.4.6.3 1.3.4.6.4 1.3.4.7.1 1.3.4.7.2 1.3.4.7.3 1.3.4.7.4 1.3.4.8.1 1.3.4.8.2 1.3.4.8.3 1.3.4.8.4 1.4.1.1.1 1.4.1.1.2 1.4.1.1.3 1.4.1.1.4 1.4.1.2.1 1.4.1.2.2 1.4.1.2.3 1.4.1.2.4 1.4.1.3.1 1.4.1.3.2 1.4.1.3.3 1.4.1.3.4 1.4.1.4.1 1.4.1.4.2 1.4.1.4.3 1.4.1.4.4 1.4.1.5.1 1.4.1.5.2 1.4.1.5.3 1.4.1.5.4 1.4.1.6.1 1.4.1.6.2 1.4.1.6.3 1.4.1.6.4 1.4.1.7.1 1.4.1.7.2 1.4.1.7.3 1.4.1.7.4 1.4.1.8.1 1.4.1.8.2 1.4.1.8.3 1.4.1.8.4 1.4.2.1.1 1.4.2.1.2 1.4.2.1.3 1.4.2.1.4 1.4.2.2.1 1.4.2.2.2 1.4.2.2.3 1.4.2.2.4 1.4.2.3.1 1.4.2.3.2 1.4.2.3.3 1.4.2.3.4 1.4.2.4.1 1.4.2.4.2 1.4.2.4.3 1.4.2.4.4 1.4.2.5.1 1.4.2.5.2 1.4.2.5.3 1.4.2.5.4 1.4.2.6.1 1.4.2.6.2 1.4.2.6.3 1.4.2.6.4 1.4.2.7.1 1.4.2.7.2 1.4.2.7.3 1.4.2.7.4 1.4.2.8.1 1.4.2.8.2 1.4.2.8.3 1.4.2.8.4 1.4.3.1.1 1.4.3.1.2 1.4.3.1.3 1.4.3.1.4 1.4.3.2.1 1.4.3.2.2 1.4.3.2.3 1.4.3.2.4 1.4.3.3.1 1.4.3.3.2 1.4.3.3.3 1.4.3.3.4 1.4.3.4.1 1.4.3.4.2 1.4.3.4.3 1.4.3.4.4 1.4.3.5.1 1.4.3.5.2 1.4.3.5.3 1.4.3.5.4 1.4.3.6.1 1.4.3.6.2 1.4.3.6.3 1.4.3.6.4 1.4.3.7.1 1.4.3.7.2 1.4.3.7.3 1.4.3.7.4 1.4.3.8.1 1.4.3.8.2 1.4.3.8.3 1.4.3.8.4 1.4.4.1.1 1.4.4.1.2 1.4.4.1.3 1.4.4.1.4 1.4.4.2.1 1.4.4.2.2 1.4.4.2.3 1.4.4.2.4 1.4.4.3.1 1.4.4.3.2 1.4.4.3.3 1.4.4.3.4 1.4.4.4.1 1.4.4.4.2 1.4.4.4.3 1.4.4.4.4 1.4.4.5.1 1.4.4.5.2 1.4.4.5.3 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8.7.2.8.4 8.7.3.1.1 8.7.3.1.2 8.7.3.1.3 8.7.3.1.4 8.7.3.2.1 8.7.3.2.2 8.7.3.2.3 8.7.3.2.4 8.7.3.3.1 8.7.3.3.2 8.7.3.3.3 8.7.3.3.4 8.7.3.4.1 8.7.3.4.2 8.7.3.4.3 8.7.3.4.4 8.7.3.5.1 8.7.3.5.2 8.7.3.5.3 8.7.3.5.4 8.7.3.6.1 8.7.3.6.2 8.7.3.6.3 8.7.3.6.4 8.7.3.7.1 8.7.3.7.2 8.7.3.7.3 8.7.3.7.4 8.7.3.8.1 8.7.3.8.2 8.7.3.8.3 8.7.3.8.4 8.7.4.1.1 8.7.4.1.2 8.7.4.1.3 8.7.4.1.4 8.7.4.2.1 8.7.4.2.2 8.7.4.2.3 8.7.4.2.4 8.7.4.3.1 8.7.4.3.2 8.7.4.3.3 8.7.4.3.4 8.7.4.4.1 8.7.4.4.2 8.7.4.4.3 8.7.4.4.4 8.7.4.5.1 8.7.4.5.2 8.7.4.5.3 8.7.4.5.4 8.7.4.6.1 8.7.4.6.2 8.7.4.6.3 8.7.4.6.4 8.7.4.7.1 8.7.4.7.2 8.7.4.7.3 8.7.4.7.4 8.7.4.8.1 8.7.4.8.2 8.7.4.8.3 8.7.4.8.4 8.8.1.1.1 8.8.1.1.2 8.8.1.1.3 8.8.1.1.4 8.8.1.2.1 8.8.1.2.2 8.8.1.2.3 8.8.1.2.4 8.9.1.3.1 8.8.1.3.2 8.8.1.3.3 8.8.1.3.4 8.8.1.4.1 8.8.1.4.2 8.8.1.4.3 8.8.1.4.4 8.8.1.5.1 8.8.1.5.2 8.8.1.5.3 8.8.1.5.4 8.8.1.6.1 8.8.1.6.2 8.8.1.6.3 8.8.1.6.4 8.8.1.7.1 8.8.1.7.2 8.8.1.7.3 8.8.1.7.4 8.8.1.8.1 8.8.1.8.2 8.8.1.8.3 8.8.1.8.4 8.8.2.1.1 8.8.2.1.2 8.8.2.1.3 8.8.2.1.4 8.8.2.2.1 8.8.2.2.2 8.8.2.2.3 8.8.2.2.4 8.8.2.3.1 8.8.2.3.2 8.8.2.3.3 8.8.2.3.4 8.8.2.4.1 8.8.2.4.2 8.8.2.4.3 8.8.2.4.4 8.8.2.5.1 8.8.2.5.2 8.8.2.5.3 8.8.2.5.4 8.8.2.6.1 8.8.2.6.2 8.8.2.6.3 8.8.2.6.4 8.8.2.7.1 8.8.2.7.2 8.8.2.7.3 8.8.2.7.4 8.8.2.8.1 8.8.2.8.2 8.8.2.8.3 8.8.2.8.4 8.8.3.1.1 8.8.3.1.2 8.8.3.1.3 8.8.3.1.4 8.8.3.2.1 8.8.3.2.2 8.8.3.2.3 8.8.3.2.4 8.8.3.3.1 8.8.3.3.2 8.8.3.3.3 8.8.3.3.4 8.8.3.4.1 8.8.3.4.2 8.8.3.4.3 8.8.3.4.4 8.8.3.5.1 8.8.3.5.2 8.8.3.5.3 8.8.3.5.4 8.8.3.6.1 8.8.3.6.2 8.8.3.6.3 8.8.3.6.4 8.8.3.7.1 8.8.3.7.2 8.8.3.7.3 8.8.3.7.4 8.8.3.8.1 8.8.3.8.2 8.8.3.8.3 8.8.3.8.4 8.8.4.1.1 8.8.4.1.2 8.8.4.1.3 8.8.4.1.4 8.8.4.2.1 8.8.4.2.2 8.8.4.2.3 8.8.4.2.4 8.8.4.3.1 8.8.4.3.2 8.8.4.3.3 8.8.4.3.4 8.8.4.4.1 8.8.4.4.2 8.8.4.4.3 8.8.4.4.4 8.8.4.5.1 8.8.4.5.2 8.8.4.5.3 8.8.4.5.4 8.8.4.6.1 8.8.4.6.2 8.8.4.6.3 8.8.4.6.4 8.8.4.7.1 8.8.4.7.2 8.8.4.7.3 8.8.4.7.4 8.8.4.8.1 8.8.4.8.2 8.8.4.8.3 8.8.4.8.4

Thus, the compound named in Table 3 of formula (v) having substituents from Group 1 of each variable B, X, D, and E named 2.4.1.1.1 specifies —NH₂ as A, —Pr-n as B, furan-2,5-diyl as X, —H as D and —H as E, and this compound is 2-amino-5-propyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine prepared in Example 15 as compound 15.14. Compounds named in Table 3 of formula (v) are compounds with a pyridinyl as R⁵ in formula I. Analogously, the compound named 2.1.1.1.3 in Table 3 of formula (v) using substituents of Group 1 of each variable B, X, D, and E has the structure of 2-amino-3-ethyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine and was prepared in Example 15 as compound 15.12.

Compounds named in Table 3 of formula (vi) are compounds with a pyrazinyl as R⁵ in formula I. One preferred pyrazinyl compound named in Table 3 of formula (vi) is 2.1.1.0.4. Using Group 1 of each variable, 2.1.1.0.4 has the structure of 2-amino-3-propyl-6-[2-(phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine and was prepared in Example 17 as compound 17.3. Similarly, compounds named in Table 3 of formula (vii) are compounds with a pyrimidinyl as R⁵ in formula I. The formula (vii) compound named 2.4.1.1.0 in Table 3 using all Group 1 variables has the structure of 2-amino-5-propyl-6-[2-(phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine and was prepared in Example 16 as compound 16.1. Similarly, compounds named in Table 3 of formula (viii) are compounds with a pyrimidinyl as R⁵ in formula I. Thus, using Group 1 variable, the compound named 1.0.1.1.1 in Table 3 has the structure of 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine and was prepared in Example 16 as compound 16.5.

Some of the exemplary embodiments of the compounds named in Table 3 using Groups 1-4 for variable B, Groups 1-2 for variable X, Groups 1-2 for variable D, and Groups 1-3 for variable E in the compound of formulae (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) and (ix) are listed in Table 4. TABLE 4 Compound Synthetic No. as Example group group group group A.B.X.D.E No. Formula A No.* B No.* X** No.* D No.* E 1.1.1.1.1 15.6 (v) H 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 1.1.2.1.1. 12.1 (v) H 1 H 1 pyridin-2,6-diyl 1 H 1 H 6.1.4.2.1 13.1 (v) Me 1 H 5 CH2OCH2 2 Me 1 H 6.1.1.2.1 15.15 (v) Me 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Me 2 Br 4.1.1.1.1 15.9 (v) Cl 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 1.8.1.1.2 15.10 (v) H 1 Cl 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 2 Cl 6.7.1.1.1 15.5 (v) Me 1 Br 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 2.1.1.1.1 15.1 (v) NH2 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 2.7.1.1.1 15.2 (v) NH2 1 Br 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 2.7.1.1.1 15.3 (v) NH2 1 Br 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 2 Br 2.3.1.1.3 15.4 (v) NH2 1 Et 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 Et 2.1.1.1.3 15.12 (v) NH2 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 Et 2.3.1.1.1 15.13 (v) NH2 1 Et 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 2.4.1.1.1 15.14 (v) NH2 1 Pr-n 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 2.4.1.1.0 16.1 (vii) NH2 1 Pr-n 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H null 2.4.1.1.0 16.2 (vii) NH2 2 Bu-i 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H null 2.4.4.2.0 13.2 (vii) NH2 1 Pr-n 2 CH2OCH2 1 Me null 2.1.1.2.0 16.6 (vii) NH2 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Me null 6.1.1.1.0 16.8 (vii) Me 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H null 2.1.1.1.0 16.3 (vii) NH2 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H null 2.3.1.1.0 16.4 (vii) NH2 1 Et 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H null 1.0.1.7.2 16.5 (viii) H null 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 6.0.1.7.2 16.9 (viii) Me null 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Br 1 Me 6.2.1.0.1 17.1 (vi) Me 1 Me 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 H 4.1.1.0.1 17.2 (vi) Cl 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 H 2.1.1.0.4 17.3 (vi) NH2 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 Pr-n 2.8.1.0.1 15.19 (vii) NH2 1 Cl 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H null 2.1.1.5.0 16.11 (vii) NH2 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 SMe null 1.8.1.0.1 17.6 (vi) H 2 SMe 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 H 2.7.1.5.0 16.12 (vii) NH2 1 Br 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 SMe null 2.8.1.0.1 17.7 (vi) NH2 2 SMe 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 H 2.1.1.0.3 17.8 (vi) NH2 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 3 SMe 2.8.1.0.1 17.9 (vi) NH2 1 Cl 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 3 CO2Me 1.1.3.1.1 18.8 (v) H 1 H 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 H 1 H 1.1.1.1.1 18.9 (v) H 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 H 2.1.1.1.2 15.19 (v) NH2 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 3 Pr-c 2.6.1.1.1 15.20 (v) NH2 1 Pr-c 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 2.8.1.0.1 17.10 (vi) NH2 2 SMe 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 H 6.2.1.1.1 15.22 (v) Me 2 CN 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H 1 H 2.2.1.2.4 15.23 (v) NH2 2 CN 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Me 2 CN 1.1.3.1.1 30.1 (v) H 1 H 2 ethyn-1,2-diyl 1 H 1 H 2.1.1.1.1 18.23 (v) NH2 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 H 4.1.1.3.1 15.24 (v) Cl 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 2 CN 1 H 2.0.1.8.1 16.14 (viii) NH2 null 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Cl 1 H 2.1.1.1.1 18.25 (v) NH2 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 2 Br 2.7.1.1.1 18.26 (v) NH2 1 Br 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 2 Br 2.3.1.1.3 18.28 (v) NH2 1 Et 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 Et 2.8.1.2.0 33.1 (vii) NH2 1 Cl 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Me null 2.0.1.7.1 33.13 (viii) NH2 null 1 furan-2,5-diyl 2 OMe 1 H 1.7.1.0.1 33.14 (vi) H 4 OMe 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 H 1.7.1.0.1 33.27 (vi) H 2 OEt 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 H 4.1.1.3.1 33.36 (v) Cl 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 2 CN 1 H 4.1.1.6.1 33.38 (v) Cl 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 2 C(O)NH2 1 H 4.1.1.4.1 33.39 (v) Cl 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 CO2Et 1 H 4.1.1.2.4 33.41 (v) Cl 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Me 2 CN 4.1.1.8.4 33.43 (v) Cl 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 2 CF3 2 CN 0.2.1.2.1 33.44 (ix) null 1 Me 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Me 2 Br 0.2.1.2.2 33.45 (ix) null 1 Me 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Me 2 Cl 3.2.1.1.0 33.46 (vii) Br 1 Me 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H null 3.7.1.1.0 33.47 (vii) Br 1 Br 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 H null 3.1.1.2.0 33.48 (vii) Br 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Me null 3.8.1.7.0 33.50 (vii) Br 1 Cl 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Br null 2.1.1.7.0 33.52 (vii) NH2 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Br null 3.1.1.7.0 33.54 (vii) Br 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Br null 3.1.1.8.0 33.55 (vii) Br 1 H 1 furan-2,5-diyl 1 Cl null 1.7.1.0.1 33.56 (vi) H 1 Br 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 H 2.8.1.0.1 33.57 (vi) NH2 1 Cl 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 3 CO2Me 1.8.1.0.1 33.59 (vi) H 3 OPr-n 1 furan-2,5-diyl null 1 H 6.1.1.1.1 33.97 (v) Me 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 H 1.2.1.1.1 33.98 (v) H 1 Me 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 H 2.1.1.1.2 33.99 (v) NH2 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 2 Cl 2.8.1.1.1 33.100 (v) NH2 1 Cl 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 H 6.1.1.2.1 33.102 (v) Me 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 Me 1 H 1.1.1.1.2 33.103 (v) H 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 2 Cl 1.1.1.1.1 33.104 (v) H 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 2 Br 5.1.1.1.1 33.105 (v) Me 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 2 Br 1.1.1.1.1 33.106 (v) H 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 H 1.1.1.1.2 33.107 (v) H 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 Me 1.1.1.2.1 33.108 (v) H 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 Me 1 H 6.8.1.2.0 33.109 (vii) Me 1 Cl 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 Me null 4.1.1.0.1 33.110 (vi) Cl 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 null 1 H 1.7.1.1.2 33.111 (v) H 1 Br 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 Me 1.1.1.3.1 33.114 (v) H 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 Et 1 H 6.3.1.1.1 33.115 (v) Me 1 Et 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 H 6.1.1.1.1 33.116 (v) Me 1 H 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 2 Br 1.7.1.1.2 33.117 (v) H 1 Br 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 1 Me 1.2.1.1.1 33.118 (v) H 1 Me 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 2 Br 6.7.1.1.1 33.119 (v) Me 1 Br 2 NHC(O)CH2 1 H 2 Br 1.1.3.1.1 33.120 (v) H 1 H 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 H 1 H 6.1.3.1.1 33.121 (v) Me 1 H 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 H 1 H 3.1.3.1.1 33.123 (v) Br 1 H 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 H 1 H 4.1.3.1.1 33.124 (v) Cl 1 H 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 H 1 H 1.1.3.8.1 33.125 (v) H 1 H 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 Cl 1 H 1.1.3.0.1 33.127 (vi) H 1 H 1 C(O)NHCH2 null 1 H 1.8.3.1.1 33.130 (v) H 3 OPr-n 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 H 1 H 4.8.3.1.1 33.131 (v) Cl 1 Cl 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 H 1 H 4.7.3.1.1 33.132 (v) Cl 3 CF3 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 H 1 H 1.8.3.8.2 33.134 (v) H 1 Cl 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 Cl 2 Cl 1.1.3.0.2 33.140 (vi) H 1 H 1 C(O)NHCH2 null 1 Me 1.2.3.1.1 33.141 (v) H 1 Me 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 H 1 H 4.8.3.8.2 33.142 (v) Cl 1 Cl 1 C(O)NHCH2 1 Cl 2 Cl *The group number in front of B, X, D or E indicates the compound group in which the corresponding B, X, D or E is selected. **The direction of X groups is defined as going from R5 to the phosphorus atom

The numbers designated in Table 3 also refer to preferred benzothiazole and benzoxazole compounds of formula X. These preferred compounds are shown in structures (x) and (xi), below:

The preferred compounds of formula (x) and formula (xi) are listed in Table 3 by designated numbers assigned to B, X, A, D and E in the above formulae (x) and (xi) according to the following convention: B.X.A.D.E. For each moiety, structures are assigned to a number shown in the following tables for B, X, A, D, and E.

Variable B is divided into two Groups, each listing eight different substituents. The substituents for variable B of formula (x) and formula (xi) in Table 3 are assigned the following numbers:

The Group 1 substituents for variable B in Table 3 for formulae (x) and (xi) are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B = H Me Et Pr-n Pr-c Pr-i Br Cl

The Group 2 substituents for variable B are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B = CN F OMe OEt SMe SEt CH₂OH C(O)OEt

Variable X is selected from eight different substituents, assigned with the following numbers: TABLE X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X = OCH₂ SCH₂ CH₂CH₂ CH₂CH₂CH₂ CH₂CF₂ NHCH₂ OC(O) SC(O) The direction of X groups is defined as going from the heterocycle to the phosphorus atom as shown in formula (x) and formula (xi).

Variable A is selected from four different substituents assigned with the following numbers: TABLE A 1 2 3 4 A = H NH₂ Br Cl

Variable D is selected from eight different substituents, assigned with the following numbers: TABLE D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D = H Me Et C(O)OMe CH₂OMe SMe SEt OMe

Variable E is selected from four different substituents assigned with the following numbers: TABLE E 1 2 3 4 E = H Me Et F

Thus, using Group 1 for variable B, the compound of formula (x) named in Table 3 as 1.1.2.1.1 specifies —H as B, —OCH₂— as X, —NH₂ as A, —H as D and —H as E, and this compound is 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole prepared in Example 34 as compound 34.2. Similarly, using group 1 for variable B, the compound named in Table 3 of formula (x) as 1.2.2.1.1 specifies —H as B, —SCH₂— as X, —NH₂ as A, —H as D and —H as E, and this compound is 2-amino-4-phosphonomethylthiobenzothiazole in Example 46 as compound 46.1.

Likewise, using Group 2 for variable B, the compound named 8.1.2.1.1 in Table 3 of formula (x) is 2-amino-7-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole in Example 37 prepared as compound 37.4.

Examples of preferred compounds of formula X also include, but not limited to the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs of the compounds named in Table 5: TABLE 5

Synthetic Example No. A Y B D E X 36.1 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 H OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Me OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Et OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Pr-n OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Pr-c OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Ph OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 C(O)OMe OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 C(O)OEt OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 C(O)NH2 OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 OMe OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Br OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Cl OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 I OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 F OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 CF3 OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 CN OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 SMe OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 SEt OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 NEt2 OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 NMe2 OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 H OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Me OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Et OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Pr-n OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Br OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Cl OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 I OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Ph OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 F OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 NMe2 OCH2 NH2 O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 OH OCH2 45.1 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 H OCH2 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Me OCH2 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Et OCH2 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Pr-n OCH2 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Br OCH2 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Cl OCH2 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 I OCH2 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 F OCH2 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Ph OCH2 H S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 NMe2 OCH2 H O C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 H OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 H OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Me OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Et OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Ph OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Pr-i OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Pr-c OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Br OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Cl OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 F OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 I OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 NMe2 OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 C(O)OEt OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 C(O)NH2 OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 OMe OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 OH OCH2 H S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 H OCH2 H S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Me OCH2 H S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Et OCH2 H S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Ph OCH2 H S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 OMe OCH2 H S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 C(O)OMe OCH2 H S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 Br OCH2 H S C7(CH2)3C6 C7(CH2)3C6 OH OCH2 36.2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 H OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Me OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Et OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Pr-i OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Pr-c OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 OMe OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Br OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 I OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Cl OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 F OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 NMe2 OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C(O)OMe OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C(O)OEt OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Ph OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 CF3 OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 CN OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C(O)NH2 OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 SMe OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 SEt OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 CO2H OCH2 NH2 S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 OH OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 H OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Me OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 H OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Me OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Et OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 OMe OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Ph OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Br OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 Cl OCH2 H S C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 C7(CH═CH═CH═CH)C6 OH OCH2 NH2 S C7OCH═CHC6 C7OCH═CHC6 H OCH2 NH2 S C7O—CH═CHC6 C7O—CH═CHC6 Me OCH2 NH2 S C7O—CH═CHC6 C7O—CH═CHC6 Ph OCH2 NH2 S C7O—CH═CHC6 C7O—CH═CHC6 Br OCH2 NH2 S C7O—CH═CHC6 C7O—CH═CHC6 OH OCH2 NH2 S C7O—CH═CHC6 C7O—CH═CHC6 OMe OCH2 NH2 S C7CH═CH—OC6 C7CH═CH—OC6 H OCH2 NH2 S C7CH═CH—OC6 C7CH═CH—OC6 Me OCH2 NH2 S C7CH═CH—OC6 C7CH═CH—OC6 Br OCH2 NH2 S C7CH═CH—OC6 C7CH═CH—OC6 Ph OCH2 NH2 S C7CH═CH—OC6 C7CH═CH—OC6 OH OCH2 NH2 S C7CH═CH—OC6 C7CH═CH—OC6 OMe OCH2 NH2 S C7S—CH═CHC6 C7S—CH═CHC6 H OCH2 NH2 S C7S—CH═CHC6 C7S—CH═CHC6 Me OCH2 NH2 S C7S—CH═CHC6 C7S—CH═CHC6 Ph OCH2 NH2 S C7S—CH═CHC6 C7S—CH═CHC6 OH OCH2 NH2 S C7S—CH═CHC6 C7S—CH═CHC6 OMe OCH2 NH2 S C7S—CH═CHC6 C7S—CH═CHC6 isobutyl OCH2 NH2 S Me C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S Et C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S Pr-n C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S OMe C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S OH C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S OCH3 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S Cl C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S Br C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S F C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S CH2OH C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S H C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S C(O)OMe C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 C6(CH═CH═CH═CH)C5 OCH2 NH2 S H C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Me C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Et C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S OH C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S OMe C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S CH2OH C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Br C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Cl C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S C(O)OMe C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S H C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Me C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Et C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S CH2OH C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Br C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Cl C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Ph C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S OMe C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Pr-n C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S C(O)OMe C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S H C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Me C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Et C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S OH C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S OMe C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S CH2OH C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Br C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Cl C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S C(O)OMe C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 NH2 S Ph C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 H S Me C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 H S Br C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 H S Me C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 H S Br C6S—CH═CHC5 C6S—CH═CHC5 OCH2 H S H C6O—CH═CHC5 C6O—CH═CHC5 OCH2 Cl S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 H OCH2 Cl S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Me OCH2 Cl S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Et OCH2 Cl S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Pr-n OCH2 Cl S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Ph OCH2 Cl S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Br OCH2 Cl S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Cl OCH2 Cl S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 C(O)OMe OCH2 Cl S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 OH OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 H OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Me OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Et OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Pr-n OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Ph OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 OH OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Br OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 Cl OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 C(O)OMe OCH2 Me S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 NMe2 OCH2 NH2 S H C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Me C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Et C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Pr-n C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Br C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Cl C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S OH C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S CF3 C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S C(O)OMe C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S Ph C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 NH2 S NMe2 C6(CH2)4C5 C6(CH2)4C5 OCH2 44.1 Br S C7(CH2)4C6 C7(CH2)4C6 H OCH2

The numbers designated in Table 1 also represent preferred prodrugs of compounds of formula I as shown in formula (xii) and (xiii), below:

In the above formulae (xii) and (xiii), Ar stands for aryl including heteroaryl and is substituted by R²⁵. The preferred compounds of formula (xii) and formula (xiii) are listed in Table 1 designated by numbers assigned to X, R⁵, R²⁵, and Ar in the above formulae (xii) and (xiii) according to the following convention: X.R⁵.R²⁵.Ar.

Variable X is selected from seven different substituents, assigned the following numbers: TABLE X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X = Furan- C(O)OCH₂ C(O)NHCH₂ NHC(O)CH₂ Pyridin- CH₂OCH₂ C(O)SCH₂ 2,5-diyl 2,6-diyl

Variable R⁵ is selected from nine different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R⁵ 1 2 3 4 R⁵ =

5 6 7 8 9 R⁵ =

Variable R²⁵ is selected from nine different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R²⁵ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R²⁵ = F Cl Br CN CF₃ Me Et OMe NHAc

Variable Ar is selected from six different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE Ar 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ar =

The compounds named in Table 1 of formula (xii) or formula (xiii) each number listed in Table 1 of formula (xii) or formula (xiii) are shown without depictions of stereochemistry since the compounds are biologically active as the diastereomeric mixture or as a single stereoisomer.

Using the variable for X, R⁵, R²⁵, and Ar, the compound of formula (xii) named 1.2.2.2 in Table 1 specifies furan-2,5-diyl as X, 4-(2-amino-5-isobutyl)thiazolyl as R⁵, chloro as R²⁵, and 3-chlorophenyl as Ar, and this compound is the diastereomers of 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazoles prepared in Example 19 as compound 19.46 (major isomer) and 19.45 (minor isomer).

The numbers designated in Table 3 also represent preferred prodrugs of compounds of formula I as shown in the following formulae (xiv) and (xv):

In the compounds of formulae (xiv) and (xv) c Ar represents aryl and heteroaryl and is substituted by R²⁵. The preferred compounds of formula (xiv) and formula (xv) are listed named in Table 3 by designated numbers assigned to R⁵, R²³, Ar, R²⁵ and X in the above formulae (xiv) and (xv) according to the following convention: R⁵.R²³.Ar.R²⁵.X. For each moiety, structures are assigned to a number shown in the following tables for R⁵, R²³, Ar, R²⁵ and X.

The Variable R⁵ is selected from eight different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R⁵ 1 2 3 4 R⁵ =

5 6 7 8 R⁵ =

The variable R²³ is selected from eight different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R²³ 1 2 3 4 R²³ =

5 6 7 8 R²³ =

The variable Ar is selected from four different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE Ar 1 2 3 4 Ar =

The variable R²⁵ is selected from eight different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R²⁵ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 R²⁵ = F Cl Br NHAc CF₃ Me CO₂Et OMe

The variable X is selected from four different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE X 1 2 3 4 X = Furan-2,5-diyl C(O)OCH₂ C(O)NHCH₂ NHC(O)CH₂

Thus, using the variables for R⁵, R²³, Ar, R²⁵, and X, the compound of formula (viv) named in Table 3 as 2.7.2.2.1 specifies 4-(2-amino-5-isobutyl)thiazolyl as R⁵, —CH(Me)CO₂Me as R²³, 3-chlorophenyl as Ar, chloro as R²⁵, and furan-2,5-diyl as X, and this compound is 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-(1-(1-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole prepared in Example 31 as compound 31.6.

The numbers designated in Table 3 also represent preferred prodrugs of compounds of formula I as shown in the following formulae (xvi) and (xvii):

In the above formula (xvi) and (xvii), Ar stands for aryl including heteroaryl, and is substituted by R²⁴ and R²⁵. The preferred compounds of formula (xvi) and formula (xvii) are listed in Table 3 by designated numbers assigned to R²⁴, R²⁵, Ar, R⁵, and R²³ in the above formula according to the following convention, R²⁴.R²⁵.Ar.R⁵.R²³. For each moiety, structures are assigned to a number shown in the following tables for R²⁴, R²⁵, Ar, R⁵ and R²³.

Variable R²⁴ is selected from eight different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R²⁴ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 R²⁴ = F Cl Br NHAc CF₃ Me CO₂Et OMe

Variable R²⁵ is selected from eight different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R²⁵ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 R²⁵ = F Cl Br NHAc CF₃ Me CO₂Et OMe

Variable Ar is divided into two Groups, each listing four different substituents. The Group 1 substituents for variable Ar are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 Ar =

The Group 2 substituents for variable Ar are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 Ar =

The variable R⁵ is selected from eight different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R⁵ 1 2 3 4 R⁵ =

5 6 7 8 R⁵ =

The variable R²³ is divided into two Groups, each listing four different substituents. The Group 1 substituents for variable R²³ are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 R²³ =

The Group 2 substituents for variable R²³ are assigned the following numbers: 5 6 7 8 R²³ =

Variable R⁵ is selected from eight different substituents assigned the following numbers, TABLE R⁵ 1 2 3 4 R⁵ =

5 6 7 8 R⁵ =

Variable X is selected from four different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE X 1 2 3 4 X = Furan-2,5-diyl C(O)OCH₂ C(O)NHCH₂ NHC(O)CH₂

Examples of preferred prodrugs of compounds of formula I are named in Table 6 as shown in the following prodrug formula (xi): R⁵—X—P′  (xix)

The preferred compounds of formula (xix) are listed in Table 6 by designated numbers assigned to P′, R⁵, and X in the above formula (xix) according to the following convention, P′.R⁵.X. For each moiety, structures are assigned to a number in the following tables for P′, R⁵ and X.

Variable P′ is divided into two Groups, each listing seven different substituents.

The Group 1 substituents for variable P′ are assigned the following numbers: TABLE P′ 1 2 3 P′ =

4 5 6 7 P′ =

The Group 2 substituents for variable P′ are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 P′ =

5 6 7 P′ =

Variable R⁵ is selected from nine different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R⁵ 1 2 3 4 R⁵ =

5 6 7 8 9 R⁵ =

Variable X is selected from six different substituents assigned the following number: TABLE X 1 2 3 4 5 6 X = Furan-2,5-diyl C(O)OCH₂ C(O)NHCH₂ NHC(O)CH₂ Pyridin-2,6-diyl CH₂OCH₂

TABLE 6 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 1.5.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4 1.6.5 1.6.6 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 1.7.6 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 1.8.6 1.9.1 1.9.2 1.9.3 1.9.4 1.9.5 1.9.6 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 2.7.4 2.7.5 2.7.6 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.9.3 2.9.4 2.9.5 2.9.6 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.6.6 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.7.5 3.7.6 3.8.1 3.8.2 3.8.3 3.8.4 3.8.5 3.8.6 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4 3.9.5 3.9.6 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.6.5 4.6.6 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.7.4 4.7.5 4.7.6 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 4.8.4 4.8.5 4.8.6 4.9.1 4.9.2 4.9.3 4.9.4 4.9.5 4.9.6 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.6.5 5.6.6 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.7.5 5.7.6 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.4 5.8.5 5.8.6 5.9.1 5.9.2 5.9.3 5.9.4 5.9.5 5.9.6 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.3.6 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 6.4.5 6.4.6 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5 6.5.6 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.3 6.6.4 6.6.5 6.6.6 6.7.1 6.7.2 6.7.3 6.7.4 6.7.5 6.7.6 6.8.1 6.8.2 6.8.3 6.8.4 6.8.5 6.8.6 6.9.1 6.9.2 6.9.3 6.9.4 6.9.5 6.9.6 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 7.1.6 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.3.5 7.3.6 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 7.4.6 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4 7.5.5 7.5.6 7.6.1 7.6.2 7.6.3 7.6.4 7.6.5 7.6.6 7.7.1 7.7.2 7.7.3 7.7.4 7.7.5 7.7.6 7.8.1 7.8.2 7.8.3 7.8.4 7.8.5 7.8.6 7.9.1 7.9.2 7.9.3 7.9.4 7.9.5 7.9.6

The numbers designated in Table 1 also represent preferred prodrugs of compounds of formula X as shown in the following formula (xx):

In the above formula (xx), Ar stands for aryl including heteroaryl, and is substituted with R²⁵. The preferred compounds of formula (xx) are listed in Table 1 by designated numbers assigned to Ar′, R²⁵, R²³, and Ar according to the following convention: Ar′.R²⁵.R²³.Ar. For each moiety, structures are assigned to a number in the following tables for Ar′, R²⁵, R²³ and Ar, wherein R²⁵ is a substituent attached to Ar.

Variable Ar′ is selected from seven different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE Ar′ 1 2 3 4 Ar′

5 6 7 Ar′

Variable R²⁵ is selected from nine different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R²⁵ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R²⁵ = F Cl Br NHAc CF₃ Me Et OMe CO₂Et

Variable R²³ is selected from rune different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R²³ 1 2 3 4 R²³ =

5 6 7 8 9 R²³ =

Variable Ar is selected from six different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE Ar 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ar =

The numbers designated in Table 6 also represented preferred prodrugs of compounds of formula X as shown in the following formula (xxi):

In the above formula (xxi), Ar stands for aryl including heteroaryl, and is substituted by R²⁵. The preferred compounds of formula (xxi) are listed in Table 6 by designated numbers assigned to Ar′.R²⁵, and Ar according to the following convention: Ar′, R²⁵, Ar. For each moiety, structures are assigned to a number in the following tables for A′, R²⁵, and Ar.

Variable Ar′ is selected from seven different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE Ar′ 1 2 3 4 Ar′

5 6 7 Ar′

Variable R²⁵ is selected from nine different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R²⁵ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R²⁵ = F Cl Br NHAc CF₃ Me Et OMe CN

Variable Ar is selected from six different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE Ar 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ar =

The numbers designated in Table 6 also represent preferred prodrugs of compounds of formula X as shown in the following formula (xxii):

The preferred compounds of formula (xxii) are listed in Table 6 by designated numbers assigned to P′, R′ and R″ according to the following convention, P′.R′.R″. For each moiety, structures are assigned to a number in the following tables for P′, R′ and R″.

Variable P′ is divided into two Groups each listing seven different substituents.

The Group 1 substituents for variable P′ are assigned the following numbers:

Table P′.

The Group 2 substituents for variable P′ are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 P′ =

5 6 7 P′ =

Variable R′ is selected from nine different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R′ = H Me Et OMe Br Cl CO₂Et Pr-i Pr-c

Variable R″ is selected from six different substituents assigned the following numbers: TABLE R″ 1 2 3 4 5 6 R″ = H Br Cl SCN Me OMe Section 1.

Synthesis of Compounds of Formula I

Synthesis of compounds encompassed by the present invention typically includes some or all of the following general steps: (1) preparation of a phosphonate prodrug; (2) deprotection of a phosphonate ester; (3) modification of a heterocycle; (4) coupling of a heterocycle with a phosphonate component; (5) construction of a heterocycle; (6) ring closure to construct a heterocycle with a phosphonate moiety present and (7) preparation of useful intermediates. These steps are illustrated in the following scheme for compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring. Compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a 6-member heteroaromatic ring or other heteroaromatic rings are prepared in an analogous manner. The procedures are also generally applicable to compounds of formula I where both Y groups are not —O.

(1) Preparation of a Phosphonate Prodrug

Prodrugs can be introduced at different stages of the synthesis. Most often these prodrugs are made from the phosphonic acids of formula 2, because of their liability. Advantageously, these prodrugs can be introduced at an earlier stage, provided that it can withstand the reaction conditions of the subsequent steps.

Compounds of formula 2, can be alkylated with electrophiles (such as alkyl halides, alkyl sulfonates, etc) under nucleophilic substitution reaction conditions to give phosphonate esters. For example, compounds of formula I, wherein R¹ is an acyloxyalkyl group can be synthesized through direct alkylation of compounds of formula 2 with an appropriate acyloxyalkyl halide (e.g. Cl, Br, I; Elhaddadi, et al Phosphorus Sulfur, 1990, 54(1-4): 143; Hoffmann, Synthesis, 1988, 62) in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. N,N′-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine, triethylamine, Hunig's base, etc.) in suitable solvents such as 1,1-dimethyl formamide (“DMF”) (Starrett, et al, J. Med. Chem., 1994, 1857). The carboxylate component of these acyloxyalkyl halides includes but is not limited to acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, pivalate, benzoate, and other carboxylates. When appropriate, further modification are envisioned after the formation of these acyloxyalkyl phosphonate esters such as reduction of a nitro group. For example, compounds of formula 3 wherein A is a NO₂ group can be converted to compounds of formula 3 wherein A is an H₂N— group under suitable reduction conditions (Dickson, et al, J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39: 661; Iyer, et al, Tetrahedron Lett., 1989, 30: 7141; Srivastva, et al, Bioorg. Chem., 1984, 12: 118). These methods can be extended to the synthesis of other types of prodrugs, such as compounds of formula I where R¹ is a 3-phthalidyl, a 2-oxo-4,5-didehydro-1,3-dioxolanemethyl, or a 2-oxotetrahydrofuran-5-yl group (Biller et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,027; Serafinowska et al., J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38: 1372; Starrett et al., J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37: 1857; Martin et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1987, 76: 180; Alexander et al., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun, 1994, 59: 1853; EPO 0632048A1). N,N-Dimethylformamide dialkyl acetals can also be used to alkylate phosphonic acids (Alexander, P., et al Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1994, 59, 1853). Compounds of formula I wherein R1 is a cyclic carbonate, a lactone or a phthalidyl group can also be synthesized via direct alkylation of the free phosphonic acid with appropriate halides in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. NaH or diisopropylethylamine, Biller et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,027; Serafinowska et al., J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38: 1372; Starrett et al., J. Med.-Chem. 1994, 37: 1857; Martin et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1987, 76: 180; Alexander et al., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun, 1994, 59: 1853; EPO 0632048A1).

Alternatively, these phosphonate prodrugs can also be synthesized by reactions of the corresponding dichlorophosphonates with an alcohol (Alexander et al, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1994, 59: 1853). For example, reactions of a dichlorophosphonate with substituted phenols and aralkyl alcohols in the presence of base (e.g. pyridine, triethylamine, etc) yield compounds of formula I where R¹ is an aryl group (Khamnei et al., J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39: 4109; Serafinowska et al., J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38: 1372; De Lombaert et al., J. Med. Chem., 1994, 37: 498) or an arylalkyl group (Mitchell et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 38: 2345). The disulfide-containing prodrugs (Puech et al., Antiviral Res., 1993, 22: 155) can also be prepared from a dichlorophosphonate and 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide under standard conditions. Dichlorophosphonates are also useful for the preparation of various phosphoramides as prodrugs. For example, treatment of a dichlorophosphonate with ammonia gives both a monophosphonamide and a diphosphonamide; treatment of a dichlorophosphonate with a 1-amino-3-propanol gives a cyclic 1,3-propylphosphonamide; treatment of a chlorophosphonate monophenyl ester with an aminoacid ester in the presence of a suitable base gives a substituted monophenyl monophosphonamidate.

Such reactive dichlorophosphonates can be generated from the corresponding phosphonic acids with a chlorinating agent (e.g. thionyl chloride: Starrett et al., J. Med. Chem., 1994, 1857, oxalyl chloride: Stowell et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31: 3261, and phosphorus pentachloride: Quast et al., Synthesis, 1974, 490). Alternatively, a dichlorophosphonate can also be generated from its corresponding disilyl phosphonate esters (Bhongle et al., Synth. Commun., 1987, 17: 1071) or dialkyl phosphonate esters (Still et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24: 4405; Patois et al., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1993, 130: 485).

Chlorophosphonate monophenyl esters can be prepared from monophenyl phosphonate esters using the above described methods for dichlorophosphonate synthesis, and monophenyl phosphonate esters are easily made from their corresponding diphenyl phosphonate esters via base (e.g. sodium hydroxide) hydrolysis. Alternatively, treatment of a dichlorophosphonate with one equivalent of a phenol following by addition of an amine (e.g. alanine ethyl ester) in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. pyridine or triethylamine) will also give a monophenyl monophosphonamidate. When substituted phenols or other aryl-OH are used in place of phenol, then these methods are useful for the synthesis of various monoaryl monophosphonamidates as prodrugs for compounds of formula I.

Furthermore, these prodrugs can be prepared using Mitsunobu reactions (Mitsunobu, Synthesis, 1981, 1; Campbell, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 52: 6331), and other coupling reactions (e.g. using carbodiimides: Alexander et al., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1994, 59: 1853; Casara et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1992, 2: 145; Ohashi et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29: 1189, and benzotriazolyloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium salts: Campagne et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1993, 34: 6743).

R¹ can also be introduced at an early stage of the synthesis provided that it is compatible with the subsequent reaction steps. For example, compounds of formula I where R¹ is an aryl group can be prepared by metalation of a 2-furanyl heterocycle (e.g. using LDA) followed by trapping the anion with a diaryl chlorophosphate.

It is envisioned that compounds of formula I can be mixed phosphonate esters (e.g. phenyl and benzyl esters, or phenyl and acyloxyalkyl esters) including the chemically combined mixed esters such as the phenyl and benzyl combined prodrugs reported by Meier, et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1997, 7: 99.

Cyclic propyl phosphonate esters can be synthesized by either reactions of the corresponding dichlorophosphonate with a substituted 1,3-propanediol or coupling reactions using suitable coupling reagents (e.g. DCC, EDCI, pyBOP: Hoffman, Synthesis, 1988, 62). Some of these methods useful for the preparation of 1,3-propanediols are discussed below.

Synthesis of a 1,3-propanediol

Various methods can be used to prepare 1,3-propanediols such as (i) 1-substituted, (ii) 2-substituted, (iii) 1,2- or 1,3-annulated 1,3-propanediols. Substituents on the prodrug moiety of compounds of formula I (i.e. substituents on the 1,3-propanediol moiety) can be introduced or modified either during the synthesis of these diols or after the synthesis of compounds of formula 2.

(i) 1-Substituted 1,3-propanediols

1,3-Propanediols useful in the synthesis of compounds in the present invention can be prepared using various synthetic methods. Additions of a aryl Grignard to a 1-hydroxy-propan-3-al give 1-aryl-substituted 1,3-propanediols (path a). This method is suitable for the conversion of various aryl halides to 1-arylsubstituted-1,3-propanediols (Coppi et. al., J. Org. Chem., 1988, 53, 911). Conversions of aryl halides to 1-substituted 1,3-propanediols can also be achieved using Heck reactions (e.g. couplings with a 1,3-diox-4-ene) followed by reductions and subsequent hydrolysis reactions (Sakamoto et. al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1992, 33, 6845). Various aromatic aldehydes can also be converted to 1-substituted-1,3-propanediols using alkenyl Grignard addition reactions followed by hydroboration-oxidation reactions (path b).

Aldol reactions between an enolate (e.g. lithium, boron, tin enolates) of a carboxylic acid derivative (e.g. tert-butyl acetate) and an aldehyde, and these reactions (e.g. the Evans's aldol reactions) are specially useful for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral 1,3-propanediols. For example, reaction of a metal enolate of t-butyl acetate with an aromatic aldehyde followed by reduction of the ester (path e) gives a 1,3-propanediol (Turner., J. Org. Chem., 1990, 55 4744). Alternatively, epoxidation of cinnamyl alcohols using known methods (e.g. Sharpless epoxidations and other asymmetric epoxidation reactions) followed by reduction reactions (e.g. using Red-Al) give various 1,3-propanediols (path c). Enantiomerically pure 1,3-propanediols can be obtained via asymmetric reduction reactions (e.g. chiral borane reductions) of 3-hydroxy-ketones (Ramachandran et. al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38 761). Alternatively, resolution of racemic 1,3-propanediols using various methods (e.g. enzymatic or chemical methods) can also give enantiomerically pure 1,3-propanediol. Propan-3-ols with a 1-heteroaryl substituent (e.g. a pyridyl, a quinolinyl or an isoquinolinyl) can be oxygenated to give 1-substituted 1,3-propanediols using N-oxide formation reactions followed by a rearrangement reaction in acetic anhydride conditions (path d) (Yamamoto et. al., Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 1871).

(ii) 2-Substituted 1,3-propanediols

A variety of 2-substituted 1,3-propanediols useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I can be prepared from various other 1,3-propanediols (e.g. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediols) using conventional chemistry (Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH, New York, 1989).

For example, reductions of a trialkoxycarbonylmethane under known conditions give a triol via complete reduction (path a) or a bis(hydroxymethyl)acetic acid via selective hydrolysis of one of the ester groups followed by reduction of the remaining two other ester groups. Nitrotriols are also known to give triols via reductive elimination (path b) (Latour et. al., Synthesis, 1987, 8, 742). Furthermore, a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol can be converted to a mono acylated derivative (e.g. acetyl, methoxycarbonyl) using an acyl chloride or an alkyl chloroformate (e.g. acetyl chloride or methyl chloroformate) (path d) using known chemistry (Greene et al., Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis; Wiley, New York, 1990). Other functional group manipulations can also be used to prepare 1,3-propanediols such as oxidation of one the hydroxylmethyl groups in a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol to an aldehyde followed by addition reactions with an aryl Grignard (path c). Aldehydes can also be converted to alkyl amines via reductive amination reactions (path e).

(iii) Annulated 1,3-propane diols

Compounds of formula I wherein V and Z or V and W are connected by four carbons to form a ring can be prepared from a 1,3-cyclohexanediol. For example, cis, cis-1,3,5-cyclohexanetriol can be modified (as described in section (ii)) to give various other 1,3,5-cyclohexanetriols which are useful for the preparations of compounds of formula I wherein R¹ and R¹ together are

wherein together V and W are connected via 3 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms substituted with a hydroxy group. It is envisioned that these modifications can be performed either before or after formation of a cyclic phosphonate 1,3-propanediol ester. Various 1,3-cyclohexanediols can also be prepared using Diels-Alder reactions (e.g. using a pyrone as the diene: Posner et. al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1991, 32, 5295). 2-Hydroxymethylcyclohexanols and 2-hydroxymethylcyclopentanols are useful for the preparations of compounds of formula I wherein R¹ and R¹ together are

wherein together V and Z are connected via 2 or 3 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms. 1,3-Cyclohexanediol derivatives are also prepared via other cycloaddition reaction methodologies. For example, cycloadducts from the cycloaddition reactions of a nitrite oxide and an olefin can be converted to a 2-ketoethanol derivative which can be further converted to a 1,3-propanediol (including 1,3-cyclohexanediol, 2-hydroxymethylcyclohexanol and 2-hydroxymethylcyclopentanol) using known chemistry (Curran, et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 6023). Alternatively, precursors to 1,3-cyclohexanediol can be made from quinic acid (Rao, et. al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1991, 32, 547.) (2) Deprotection of a Phosphonate Ester

Compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is H may be prepared from phosphonate esters using known phosphate and phosphonate ester cleavage conditions. Silyl halides are generally used to cleave various phosphonate esters, and subsequent mild hydrolysis of the resulting silyl phosphonate esters give the desired phosphonic acids. When required, acid scavengers (e.g. 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane, 2,6-lutidine, etc.) can be used for the synthesis of acid labile compounds. Such silyl halides include chlorotrimethylsilane (Rabinowitz, J. Org. Chem., 1963, 28: 2975), and bromotrimethylsilane (McKenna, et al, Tetrahedron Lett., 1977, 155), and iodotrimethylsilane (Blackburn, et al, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1978, 870). Alternately, phosphonate esters can be cleaved under strong acidic conditions (e.g. HBr or HCl Moffatt, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,846, 1970). These esters can also be cleaved via dichlorophosphonates, prepared by treating the esters with halogenating agents (e.g. phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chloride, BBr₃: Pelchowicz et al, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 238) followed by aqueous hydrolysis to give phosphonic acids. Aryl and benzyl phosphonate esters can be cleaved under hydrogenolysis conditions (Lejczak, et al, Synthesis, 1982, 412; Elliott, et al, J. Med. Chem., 1985, 28: 1208; Baddiley, et al, Nature, 1953, 171: 76) or metal reduction conditions (Shafer, et al, J. Am. Chem., Soc., 1977, 99: 5118). Electrochemical (Shono, et al, J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44: 4508) and pyrolysis (Gupta, et al, Synth. Commun., 1980, 10: 299) conditions have also been used to cleave various phosphonate esters.

(3) Modification of an Existing Heterocycle

Syntheses of the heterocycles encompassed in the disclosed compounds have been well studied and described in numerous reviews (see section 4). Although it is advantageous to have the desired substituents present in these heterocycles before synthesis of compounds of formula 4, in some cases, the desired substituents are not compatible with subsequent reactions, and therefore modifications of an existing heterocycle are required late in the synthetic scheme using conventional chemistry (Larock, Comprehensive organic transformations, VCH, New York, 1989; Trost, Comprehensive organic synthesis; Pergamon press, New York, 1991). For example, compounds of formula I wherein A, A″, or B is a halo or a cyano group can be prepared from the corresponding amine group by conversion to the diazonium group and reaction with various copper (I) salts (e.g. CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuCN). Halogens can also be introduced by direct halogenations of various heterocycles. For example, 5-unsubstituted-2-aminothiazoles can be converted to 2-amino-5-halothiazoles using various reagents (e.g. NIS, NBS, NCS). Heteroaryl halides are also useful intermediates and are often readily converted to other substituents (such as A, A″, B, B″, C″, D, D″, E and E″) via transition metal assisted coupling reactions such as Suzuki, Heck or Stille reactions (Farina et al, Organic Reactions, Vol. 50; Wiley, New York, 1997; Mitchell, Synthesis, 1992, 808; Suzuki, Pure App. Chem., 1991, 63, 419; Heck Palladium Reagents in Organic Synthesis; Academic Press: San Diego, 1985). Compounds of formula I wherein A is a carbamoyl group can be made from their corresponding alkyl carboxylate esters via aminolysis with various amines, and conventional functional group modifications of the alkyl carboxylate esters are useful for syntheses of compounds of formula I wherein A is a —CH₂OH group or a —CH₂-halo group. Substitution reactions of haloheterocycles (e.g. 2-bromothiazole, 5-bromothiazole) with various nucleophiles (e.g. HSMe, HOMe, etc.) represents still another method for introducing substituents such as A, A″, B and B″. For example, substitution of a 2-chlorothiazole with methanethiol gives the corresponding 2-methylthiothiazole.

It is envisioned that when necessary alkylation of nitrogen atoms in the heterocycles (e.g. imidazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles and 1,2,3,4-tetrazoles) can be readily performed using for example standard alkylation reactions (with an alkyl halide, an-aralkyl halide, an alkyl sulfonate or an aralkyl sulfonate), or Mitsunobu reactions (with an alcohol).

(4) Coupling of a Heterocycle with a Phosphonate Component

When feasible compounds disclosed in the present invention are advantageously prepared via a convergent synthetic route entailing the coupling of a heterocycle with a phosphonate diester component.

Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions such as Stille or Suzuki reactions are particularly suited for the synthesis of compounds of formula I. Coupling reactions between a heteroaryl halide or triflate (e.g. 2-bromopyridine) and a M-PO₃R′ wherein M is a 2-(5-tributylstannyl)furanyl or a 2-(5-boronyl)furanyl group under palladium catalyzed reaction conditions (Farina et al, Organic Reactions, Vol. 50; Wiley, New York, 1997; Mitchell, Synthesis, 1992, 808; Suzuki, Pure App. Chem., 1991, 63, 419) yield compounds of formula I wherein X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. It is envisioned that the nature of the coupling partners for these reactions can also be reversed (e.g. coupling of trialkylstannyl or boronyl heterocycles with a halo-X—P(O)(O-alkyl)₂). Other coupling reactions between organostannes and an alkenyl halide or an alkenyl triflate are also reported which may be used to prepared compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkenyl group. The Heck reaction may be used to prepare compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkynyl group (Heck Palladium Reagents in Organic Synthesis; Academic Press: San Diego, 1985). These reactions are particularly suited for syntheses of various heteroaromatics as R⁵ for compounds of formula I given the availability of numerous halogenated heterocycles, and these reactions are particularly suitable for parallel synthesis (e.g. combinatorial synthesis on solid phase (Bunin, B. A., The Combinatorial Index; Academic press: San Diego, 1998) or in solution phase (Flynn, D. L. et al., Curr. Op. Drug. Disc. Dev., 1998, 1, 1367)) to generate large combinatorial libraries. For example, ethyl 5-iodo-2-furanylphosphonate can be coupled to Wang's resin under suitable coupling reaction conditions. The resin-coupled 5-iodo-2-[5-(O-ethyl-O-Wang's resin)phosphono]furan can then be subjected to transition metal catalyzed Suzuki and Stille reactions (as described above) with organoboranes and organotins in a parallel manner to give libraries of compounds of formula 3 wherein X is furan-2,5-diyl.

Substitution reactions are useful for the coupling of a heterocycle with a phosphonate diester component. For example, cyanuric chloride can be substituted with dialkyl mercaptoalkcylphosphonates or dialkyl aminoalkylphosphonates to give compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a 1,3,5-triazine, X is an alkylthio or an alkylamino group. Alkylation reactions are also used for the coupling of a heterocycle with a phosphonate diester component. For example, a heteroaromatic thiol (e.g. a 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol) can be alkylated with a dialkyl methylphosphonate derivative (e.g. ICH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TsOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TfOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂) to lead to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylthio group. In another aspect, alkylation reactions of a heteroaromatic carboxylic acid (e.g. a thiazole-4-carboxylic acid) with a dialkyl methylphosphonate derivative (e.g. ICH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TsOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TfOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂) lead to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkoxycarbonyl group, while alkylation reactions of a heteroaromatic thiocarboxylic acid (e.g. a thiazole-4-thiocarboxylic acid) with a dialkyl methylphosphonate derivative (e.g. ICH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TsOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TfOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂) lead to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylthiocarbonyl group. Substitutions of haloalkyl heterocycles (e.g. 4-haloalkylthiazole) with nucleophiles containing the phosphonate group (diethyl hydroxymethylphosphonate) are useful for the preparation of compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkoxyalkyl or an alkylthioalkyl group. For example, compounds of formula I where X is a —CH₂OCH₂— group can be prepared from 2-chloromethylpyridine or 4-chloromethylthiazole using dialkyl hydroxymethylphosphonates and a suitable base (e.g. sodium hydride). It is possible to reverse the nature of the nucleophiles and electrophiles for the substitution reactions, i.e. haloalkyl- and/or sulfonylalkylphosphonate esters can be substituted with heterocycles containing a nucleophile (e.g. a 2-hydroxyalkylpyridine, a 2-mercaptoalkylpyridine, or a 4-hydroxyalkyloxazole).

Known amide bond formation reactions (e.g. the acyl halide method, the mixed anhydride method, the carbodiimide method) can also be used to couple a heteroaromatic carboxylic acid with a phosphonate diester component leading to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylaminocarbonyl or an alkoxycarbonyl group. For example, couplings of a thiazole-4-carboxylic acid with a dialkyl aminoalkylphosphonate or a dialkyl hydroxyalkylphosphonate give compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a thiazole, and X is an alkylaminocarbonyl or an alkoxycarbonyl group. Alternatively, the nature of the coupling partners can be reversed to give compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylcarbonylamino group. For example, 2-aminothiazoles can be coupled with (RO)₂P(O)-alkyl-CO₂H (e.g. diethylphosphonoacetic acid) under these reaction conditions to give compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a thiazole and X is an alkylcarbonylamino group. These reactions are also useful for parallel synthesis of compound libraries through combinatorial chemistry on solid phase or in solution phase. For example, HOCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin), H₂NCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin) and HOOCCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin) (prepared using known methods) can be coupled to various heterocycles using the above described reactions to give libraries of compounds of formula 3 wherein X is a —C(O)OCH₂—, or a —C(O)NHCH₂—, or a —NHC(O)CH₂—.

Rearrangement reactions can also be used to prepare compounds covered in the present invention. For example, the Curtius's rearrangement of a thiazole-4-carboxylic acid in the presence of a dialkyl hydroxyalkylphosphonate or a dialkyl aminoalkylphosphonate lead to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylaminocarbonylamino or an alkoxycarbonylamino group. These reactions can also be adopted for combinatorial synthesis of various libraries of compounds of formula 3. For example, Curtius's rearrangement reactions between a heterocyclic carboxylic acid and HOCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin), or H₂NCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin) can lead to libraries of compounds of formula I wherein X is a —NHC(O)OCH₂—, or a —NHC(O)NHCH₂—.

For compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkyl group, the phosphonate group can be introduced using other common phosphonate formation methods such as Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction (Bhattacharya et al., Chem. Rev., 1981, 81: 415), Michaelis-Becker reaction (Blackbum et al., J. Organomet. Chem., 1988, 348: 55), and addition reactions of phosphorus to electrophiles (such as aldehydes, ketones, acyl halides, imines and other carbonyl derivatives).

Phosphonate component can also be introduced via lithiation reactions. For example, lithiation of an 2-ethynylpyridine using a suitable base followed by trapping the thus generated anion with a dialkyl chlorophosphonate lead to compounds of formula I wherein R5 is a pyridyl, X is a 1-(2-phosphono)ethynyl group.

(5) Construction of a Heterocycle

Although existing heterocycles are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I, when required, heterocycles can also be constructed leading to compounds in the current invention, and in some cases may be preferred for the preparations of certain compounds. The construction of heterocycles have been well described in the literature using a variety of reaction conditions (Joule et al., Heterocyclic Chemistry; Chapman hall, London, 1995; Boger, Weinreb, Hetero Diels-Alder Methodology In Organic Synthesis; Academic press, San Diego, 1987; Padwa, 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Chemistry; Wiley, New York, 1984; Katritzsky et al., Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry; Pergamon press, Oxford; Newkome et al., Contemporary Heterocyclic Chemistry. Syntheses, Reaction and Applications; Wiley, New York, 1982; Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds; Consultants Bureau, New York). Some of the methods which are useful to prepare compounds in the present invention are given as examples in the following discussion.

(i) Construction of a Thiazole Ring System

Thiazoles useful for the present invention can be readily prepared using a variety of well described ring-forming reactions (Metzger, Thiazole and its derivatives, part 1 and part 2; Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979). Cyclization reactions of thioamides (e.g. thioacetamide, thiourea) and alpha-halocarbonyl compounds (such as alpha-haloketones, alpha-haloaldehydes) are particularly useful for the construction of a thiazole ring system. For example, cyclization reactions between thiourea and 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(-2-bromo-1-oxo)alkyl]furans are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a thiazole, A is an amino group and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group; cyclization reaction between thiourea and a bromopyruvate alkyl ester give a 2-amino-4-alkoxycarbonylthiazole which is useful for the preparations of compounds of formula I wherein R5 is a thiazole and X is an alkylaminocarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonylamino, or an alkoxyacarbonylamino group. Thioamides can be prepared using reactions reported in the literature (Trost, Comprehensive organic synthesis, Vol. 6,; Pergamon press, New York, 1991, pages 419-434) and alpha-halocarbonyl compounds are readily accessible via conventional reactions (Larock, Comprehensive organic transformations, VCH, New York, 1989). For example, amides can be converted to thioamides using Lawesson's reagent or P₂S₅, and ketones can be halogenated using various halogenating reagents (e.g. NBS, CuBr₂).

(ii) Construction of an Oxazole Ring System

Oxazoles useful for the present invention can be prepared using various methods in the literature (Turchi, Oxazoles; Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986). Reactions between isocyanides (e.g. tosylmethylisocyanide) and carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes and acyl chlorides) can be used to construct oxazole ring systems (van Leusen et al, Tetrahedron Lett., 1972, 2369). Alternatively, cyclization reactions of amides (e.g. urea, carboxamides) and alpha-halocarbonyl compounds are commonly used for the construction of an oxazole ring system. For example, the reactions of urea and 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(-2-bromo-1-oxo)alkyl]furans are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is an oxazole, A is an amino group and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. Reactions between amines and imidates are also used to construct the oxazole ring system (Meyers et al, J. Org. Chem., 1986, 51(26), 5111).

(iii) Construction of a Pyridine Ring System

Pyridines useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I can be prepared using various known synthetic methods (Klingsberg, Pyridine and Its Derivatives; Interscience Publishers, New York, 1960-1984). 1,5-Dicarbonyl compounds or their equivalents can be reacted with ammonia or compounds which can generate ammonia to produce 1,4-dihydropyridines which are easily dehydrogenated to pyridines. When unsaturated 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds, or their equivalents (e.g. pyrylium ions) are used to react with ammonia, pyridines can be generated directly. 1,5-Dicarbonyl compounds or their equivalents can be prepared using conventional chemistry. For example, 1,5-diketones are accessible via a number of routes, such as Michael addition of an enolate to an enone (or precursor Mannich base (Gill et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 4923)), ozonolysis of a cyclopentene precursor, or reaction of silyl enol ethers with 3-methoxyallylic alcohols (Duhamel et al, Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4777). When one of the carbonyl carbons is at the acid oxidation state, then this type of reaction produces 2-pyridones which can be readily converted to 2-halopyridines (Isler et al, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1955, 38, 1033) or 2-aminopyridines (Vorbruggen et al, Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 1523). Alternatively, a pyridine can be prepared from an aldehyde, a 1,3-dicarbonyl compound and ammonia via the classical Hantzsch synthesis (Bossart et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1981, 20, 762). Reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (or their equivalents) with 3-amino-enones or 3-amino-nitriles have also been used to produce pyridines (such as the Guareschi synthesis, Mariella, Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. IV, 1963, 210). 1,3-Dicarbonyl compounds can be made via oxidation reactions on corresponding 1,3-diols or aldol reaction products (Mukaiyama, Org, Reactions, 1982, 28, 203). Cycloaddition reactions have also been used for the synthesis of pyridines, for example cycloaddition reactions between oxazoles and alkenes (Naito et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1965, 13, 869), and Diels-Alder reactions between 1,2,4-triazines and enamines (Boger et al., J. Org. Chem., 1981, 46, 2179).

(iv) Construction of a Pyrimidine Ring System

Pyrimidine ring systems useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily available (Brown, The pyrimidines; Wiley, New York, 1994). One method for pyrimidine synthesis involves the coupling of a 1,3-dicarbonyl component (or its equivalent) with an N—C—N fragment. The selection of the N—C—N component—urea (Sherman et al., Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. IV, 1963, 247), amidine (Kenner et al., J. Chem. Soc., 1943, 125) or guanidine (Burgess, J. Org. Chem., 1956, 21, 97; VanAllan, Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. IV, 1963, 245)—governs the substitution at C-2 in the pyrimidine products. This method is particular useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I with various A groups. In another method, pyrimidines can be prepared via cycloaddition reactions such as aza-Diels-Alder reactions between a 1,3,5-triazine and an enamine or an ynamine (Boger et al., J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4331 and references cited therein).

(v) Construction of an Imidazole Ring System

Imidazoles useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily prepared using a variety of different synthetic methodologies. Various cyclization reactions are generally used to synthesize imidazoles such as reactions between amidines and alpha-haloketones (Mallick et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106(23), 7252) or alpha-hydroxyketones (Shi et al, Synthetic Comm., 1993, 23(18), 2623), reactions between urea and alpha-haloketones, and reactions between aldehydes and 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of amines.

(vi) Construction of an Isoxazole Ring System

Isoxazoles useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily synthesized using various methodologies (such as cycloaddition reactions between nitrile oxides and alkynes or active methylene compounds, oximation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds or alpha, beta-acetylenic carbonyl compounds or alpha,beta-dihalocarbonyl compounds, etc.) can be used to synthesize an isoxazole ring system (Grunanger et al., Isoxazoles; Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991). For example, reactions between alkynes and 5-diethylphosphono-2-chlorooximidofuran in the presence of base (e.g. triethylamine, Hunig's base, pyridine) are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is an isoxazole and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group.

(vii) Construction of a Pyrazole Ring System

Pyrazoles useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily prepared using a variety of methods (Wiley, Pyrazoles, Pyrazolines, Pyrazolidines, Indazoles, and Condensed Rings; Interscience Publishers, New York, 1967) such as reactions between hydrazines and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds or 1,3-dicarbonyl equivalents (e.g. one of the carbonyl group is masked as an enamine or ketal or acetal), and additions of hydrazines to acrylonitriles followed by cyclization reactions (Dorn et al, Org. Synth., 1973, Coll. Vol. V, 39). Reaction of 2-(2-alkyl-3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-5-diethylphosphono furans with hydrazines are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a pyrazole, X is a furan-2,5-diyl group and B″ is an alkyl group.

(viii) Construction of a 1,2,4-triazole ring system

1,2,4-Triazoles useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily available via various methodologies (Montgomery, 1,2,4-Triazoles; Wiley, New York, 1981). For example, reactions between hydrazides and imidates or thioimidates (Sui et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 1929; Catarzi et al, J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38(2), 2196), reactions between 1,3,5-triazine and hydrazines (Grundmann et al, J. Org. Chem., 1956, 21, 1037), and reactions between aminoguanidine and carboxylic esters (Ried et al, Chem. Ber., 1968, 101, 2117) are used to synthesize 1,2,4-triazoles.

(6) Ring Closure to Construct a Heterocycle with a Phosphonate

Compounds of formula 4 can also be prepared using a ring closure reaction to construct the heterocycle from precursors that contain the phosphonate component. For example, cyclization reactions between thiourea and 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(-2-bromo-1-oxo)alkyl]furans are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a thiazole, A is an amino group and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. Oxazoles of the present invention can also be prepared using a ring closure reaction. In this case, reactions of urea and 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(-2-bromo-1-oxo)alkyl]furans are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is an oxazole, A is an amino group and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. Reactions between 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde, an alkyl amine, a 1,2-diketone and ammonium acetate are useful to synthesize compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is an imidazole and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. These types of ring closure reactions can also be used for the synthesis of pyridines or pyrimidines useful in the present invention. For example, reaction of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[3-dimethylamino-2-alkyl)acryloyl]furans and cyanoacetamide in the presence of base gives 5-alkyl-3-cyano-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-2-pyridones (Jain et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3307). Subsequent conversion of these 2-pyridones to the corresponding 2-halopyridines (see references cited in section 3 for the modifications of heterocycles) will lead to compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a pyridine, A is a halo group, X is a furan-2,5-diyl group, and B is an alkyl group. Reactions of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[3-dimethylamino-2-alkyl)acryloyl]furans and amidines in the presence of base give 5-alkyl-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]pyrimidines which will lead to compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a pyrimidine, X is a furan-2,5-diyl group and B is an alkyl group.

(7) Preparation of Various Precursors Useful for Cyclization Reactions

Intermediates required for the synthesis of compounds in the present invention are generally prepared using either an existing method in the literature or a modification of an existing method. Syntheses of some of the intermediates useful for the synthesis of compounds in the present invention are described herein.

Various aryl phosphonate dialkyl esters are particularly useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I. For example, compounds of formula I wherein X is a furan-2,5-diyl group can be prepared from a variety of furanyl precursors. It is envisioned that synthesis of other precursors may follow some or all of these reaction steps, and some modifications of these reactions may be required for different precursors. 5-Dialkylphosphono-2-furancarbonyl compounds (e.g. 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde, 5-diethylphosphono-2-acetylfuran) are well suited for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. These intermediates are prepared from furan or furan derivatives using conventional chemistry such as lithiation reactions, protection of carbonyl groups and deprotection of carbonyl groups. For example, lithiation of furan using known methods (Gschwend Org. React. 1979, 26: 1) followed by addition of phosphorylating agents (e.g. ClPO₃R₂) gives 2-dialkylphosphono-furans (e.g. 2-diethylphosphonofuran). This method can also be applied to a 2-substituted furan (e.g. 2 furoic acid) to give a 5-dialkylphosphono-2-substituted furan (e.g. 5-diethylphosphono-2-furoic acid). It is envisioned that other aryl phosphonate esters can also be prepared using this approach or a modification of this approach. Alternatively, other methods such as transition metal catalyzed reactions of aryl halides or triflates (Balthazar et al. J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45: 5425; Petrakis et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109: 2831; Lu et al. Synthesis, 1987, 726) are used to prepare aryl phosphonates. Aryl phosphonate esters can also be prepared from aryl phosphates under anionic rearrangement conditions (Melvin, Tetrahedron Lett., 1981, 22: 3375; Casteel et al. Synthesis, 1991, 691). N-Alkoxy aryl salts with alkali metal derivatives of dialkyl phosphonate provide another general synthesis for heteroaryl-2-phosphonate esters (Redmore J. Org. Chem., 1970, 35: 4114).

A second lithiation step can be used to incorporate a second group on the aryl phosphonate dialkyl ester such as an aldehyde group, a trialkylstannyl or a halo group, although other methods known to generate these functionalities (e.g. aldehydes) can be envisioned as well (e.g. Vilsmeier-Hack reaction or Reimar-Teimann reaction for aldehyde synthesis). In the second lithiation step, the lithiated aromatic ring is treated with reagents that either directly generate the desired functional group (e.g. for an aldehyde using DMF, HCO₂R, etc.) or with reagents that lead to a group that is subsequently transformed into the desired functional group using known chemistry (e.g. alcohols, esters, nitriles, alkenes can be transformed into aldehydes). For example, lithiation of a 2-dialkylphosphonofuran (e.g. 2-diethylphosphonofuran) under normal conditions (e.g. LDA in THF) followed by trapping of the thus generated anion with an electrophile (e.g. tributyltin chloride or iodine) produces a 5-functionalized-2-dialkylphosphonofuran (e.g. 5-tributylstannyl-2-diethylphosphonofuran or 5-iodo-2-diethylphosphonofuran). It is also envisioned that the sequence of these reactions can be reversed, i.e. the aldehyde moiety can be incorporated first followed by the phosphorylation reaction. The order of the reaction will be dependent on reaction conditions and protecting groups. Prior to the phosphorylation, it is also envisioned that it may be advantageous to protect some of these functional groups using a number of well-known methods (e.g. protection of aldehydes as acetals, animals; protection of ketones as ketals). The protected functional group is then unmasked after phosphorylation. (Protective groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T. W., 1991, Wiley, New York). For example, protection of 2-furaldehyde as 1,3-propanediol acetal followed by a lithiation step (using for example LDA) and trapping the anion with a dialkyl chlorophosphate (e.g. diethyl chlorophosphate), and subsequent deprotection of the acetal functionality under normal deprotection conditions produces the 5-dialkylphosphono-2-furaldehyde (e.g. 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde). Another example is the preparation of 5-keto-2-dialkylphosphonofurans which encompass the following steps: acylations of furan under Friedel-Crafts reaction conditions give 2-ketofuran, subsequent protection of the ketone as ketals (e.g. 1,3-propanediol cyclic ketal) followed by a lithiation step as described above gives the 5-dialkylphosphono-2-furanketone with the ketone being protected as a 1,3-propanediol cyclic ketal, and final deprotection of the ketal under, for example, acidic conditions gives 2-keto-5-dialkylphosphonofurans (e.g. 2-acetyl-5-diethylphosphonofuran). Alternatively, 2-ketofurans can be synthesized via a palladium catalyzed reaction between 2-trialkylstannylfurans (e.g. 2-tributylstannylfuran) and an acyl chloride (e.g. acetyl chloride, isobutyryl chloride). It is advantageous to have the phosphonate moiety present in the 2-trialkylstannylfurans (e.g. 2-tributylstannyl-5-diethylphosphonofuran). 2-Keto-5-dialkylphosphonofurans can also be prepared from a 5-dialkylphosphono-2-furoic acid (e.g. 5-diethylphosphono-2-furoic acid) by conversion of the acid to the corresponding acyl chloride and followed by additions of a Grignard reagent.

Some of the above described intermediates can also be used for the synthesis of other useful intermediates. For example, a 2-keto-5-dialkylphosphonofuran can be further converted to a 1,3-dicarbonyl derivative which is useful for the preparation of pyrazoles, pyridines or pyrimidines. Reaction of a 2-keto-5-dialkylphosphonofuran (e.g. 2-acetyl-5-diethylphosphonofuran) with a dialkylformamide dialkyl acetal (e.g. dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal) gives a 1,3-dicarbonyl equivalent as a 2-(3-dialkylamino-2-alkyl-acryloyl)-5-dialkylphosphono furan (e.g. 2-(3-dimethylaminoacryloyl)-5-diethylphosphonofuran).

It is envisioned that the above described methods for the synthesis of furan derivatives can be either directly or with some modifications applied to syntheses of various other useful intermediates such as aryl phosphonate esters (e.g. thienyl phosphonate esters, phenyl phosphonate esters or pyridyl phosphonate esters).

It is conceivable that when applicable the above described synthetic methods can be adopted for parallel synthesis either on solid phase or in solution to provide rapid SAR (structure activity relationship) exploration of FBPase inhibitors encompassed in the current invention, provided method development for these reactions are successful.

Section 2.

Synthesis of Compounds of Formula X

Synthesis of the compounds encompassed by the present invention typically includes some or all of the following general steps: (1) preparation of a phosphonate prodrug; (2) deprotection of a phosphonate ester; (3) construction of a heterocycle; (4) introduction of a phosphonate component; (5) synthesis of an aniline derivative. Step (1) and step (2) were discussed in section 1, and discussions of step (3), step (4) and step (5) are given below. These methods are also generally applicable to compounds of Formula X, where both Y groups are not —O—.

(3) Construction of a Heterocycle i. Benzothiazole Ring System:

Compounds of formula 3 wherein G″=S, i.e. benzothiazoles, can be prepared using various synthetic methods reported in the literature. Two of these methods are given as examples as discussed below. One method is the modification of commercially available benzothiazole derivatives to give the appropriate functionality on the benzothiazole ring. Another method is the annulation of various anilines (e.g. compounds of formula 4) to construct the thiazole portion of the benzothiazole ring. For example, compounds of formula 3 wherein C═S, A=N—H₂, L², E², J²=H, X²═CH₂O, and R′=Et can be prepared from the commercially available 4-methoxy-2-amino thiazole via a two-step sequence: conversion 4-methoxy-2-aminobenzothiazole to 4-hydroxy-2-aminobenzothiazole with reagents such as BBr₃ (Node, M.; et al J. Org. Chem. 45, 2243-2246, 1980) or AlCl₃ in presence of a thiol (e.g. EtSH) (McOmie, J. F. W.; et al. Org. Synth., Collect. Vol. V, 412, 1973) followed alkylation of the phenol group with diethylphosphonomethyl trifluoromethylsulfonate (Phillion, D. P.; et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 27, 1477-1484, 1986) in presence of a suitable base (e.g. NaH) in polar aprotic solvents (e.g. DMF) provide the required compound.

Several methods can be used to convert various anilines to benzothiazoles (Sprague, J. M.; Land, A. H. Heterocycle. Compd. 5, 506-13, 1957). For example, 2-aminobenzothiazoles (formula 3 wherein A=NH₂) can be prepared by annulation of compounds of formula 4 wherein W²═H, using various common methods. One method involves the treatment of a suitably substituted aniline with a mixture of KSCN and CuSO₄ in methanol to give a substituted 2-aminobenzothiazole (Ismail, I. A.; Sharp, D. E; Chedekel, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 45, 2243-2246, 1980). Alternatively, a 2-aminobenzothiazole can also be prepared by the treatment of Br₂ in presence of KSCN in acetic acid (Patil, D. G.; Chedekel, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 49, 997-1000, 1984). This reaction can also be done in two step sequence. For example treatment of substituted phenylthioureas with Br₂ in CHCl₃ gives substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles (Patil, D. G.; Chedekel, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 49, 997-1000, 1984). 2-Aminobenzothiazoles can also be made by condensation of ortho iodo anilines with thiourea in presence of Ni catalyst (NiCl₂(PPh₃)₂) (Takagi, K. Chem. Lett. 265-266, 1986).

Benzothiazoles can undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution to give 6-substituted benzothiazoles (Sprague, J. M.; Land, A. H. Heterocycle. Compd. 5, 606-13, 1957). For example bromination of formula 3 wherein G″=S, A=—NH₂, L², E², J²=H, X²═CH₂O and R′=Et with bromine in polar solvents such as AcOH gave compound of formula 3 wherein E²=Br.

Furthermore, compounds of formula 3 wherein A is a halo, H, alkoxy, alkylthio or an alkyl can be prepared from the corresponding amino compound (Larock, Comprehensive organic transformations, VCH, New York, 1989; Trost, Comprehensive organic synthesis; Pergamon press, New York, 1991).

ii. Benzoxazoles:

Compounds of formula 3 wherein G″=O, i.e. benzoxazoles, can be prepared by the annulation of ortho aminophenols with suitable reagent (e.g. cyanogen halide (A=NH₂; Alt, K. O.; et al J. Heterocyclic Chem. 12, 775, 1975) or acetic acid (A=CH₃; Saa, J. M.; J. Org. Chem. 57, 589-594, 1992) or trialkyl orthoformate (A=H; Org. Prep. Proced. Int., 22, 613, 1990)).

(4) Introduction of a Phosphonate Component:

Compounds of formula 4 (wherein X²═CH₂O and R′=alkyl) can made in different ways (e.g. using alkylation and nucleophilic substitution reactions). Typically, compounds of formula 5 wherein M′=OH is treated with a suitable base (e.g. NaH) in polar aprotic solvent (e.g. DMF, DMSO) and the resulting phenoxide anion can be alkylated with a suitable electrophile preferably with a phosphonate component present (e.g. diethyl iodomethylphosphonate, diethyl trifluoromethylsulphonomethyl phosphonate, diethyl p-methyltoluenesulphonomethylphosphonate). The alkylation method can also be applied to the precursor compounds to compounds of formula 5 wherein a phenol moiety is present and it can be alkylated with a phosphonate containing component. Alternately, compounds of formula 4 can also be made from the nucleophilic substitution of the precursor compounds to compounds of formula 5 (wherein a halo group, preferably a fluoro or a chloro, is present ortho to a nitro group). For example, a compound of formula 4 (wherein X²═CH₂O and R′=Et) can be prepared from a 2-chloro-1-nitrobenzene derivative by treatment with NaOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂ in DMF. Similarly, compounds of formula 4 where X²=-alkyl-S— or -alkyl-N— can also be made.

(5) Synthesis of an Aniline Derivative:

Numerous synthetic methods have been reported for the synthesis of aniline derivatives, these methods can be applied to the synthesis of useful intermediates which can lead to compounds of formula X. For example, various alkenyl or aryl groups can be introduced on to a benzene ring via transition metal catalyzed reactions (Kasibhatla, S. R., et al. WO 98/39343 and the references cited in); anilines can be prepared from their corresponding nitro derivatives via reduction reactions (e.g. hydrogenation reactions in presence of 10% Pd/C, or reduction reactions using SnCl₂ in HCl (Patil, D. G.; Chedekel, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 49, 997-1000, 1984)).

Section 3.

Synthesis of substituted 1,3-hydroxyamines and 1,3-diamines

A large number of synthetic methods are available for the preparation of substituted 1,3-hydroxyamines and 1,3-diamines due to the ubiquitous nature of these functionalities in naturally occurring compounds. Following are some of these methods organised into: 1. synthesis of substituted 1,3-hydroxy amines; 2. synthesis of substituted 1,3-diamines and 3. Synthesis of chiral substituted 1,3-hydroxyamines and 1,3-diamines.

i. synthesis of substituted 1,3-hydroxy amines

1,3-Diols described in the earlier section can be converted selectively to either hydroxy amines or to corresponding diamines by converting hydroxy functionally to a leaving group and treating with anhydrous ammonia or required primary or secondary amines (Corey, et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1989, 30, 5207: Gao, et al., J. Org. Chem., 1988, 53, 4081). A similar transformation may also be achieved directly from alcohols in Mitsunobu type of reaction conditions (Hughes, D. L., Org. React., 1992, 42). A general synthetic procedure for 3-aryl-3-hydroxy-propan-1-amine type of prodrug moiety involves aldol type condensation of aryl esters with alkyl nitriles followed by reduction of resulting substituted benzoylacetonitrile (Shih et al., Heterocycles, 1986, 24, 1599). The procedure can also be adapted for formation 2-substituted aminopropanols by using substituted alkylnitrile. In another approach, 3-aryl-3-amino-propan-1-ol type of prodrug groups are synthesized from aryl aldehydes by condensation of malonic acid in presence of ammonium acetate followed by reduction of resulting substituted aminoacids. Both these methods enable to introduce wide variety of substitution of aryl group (Shih, et al., Heterocycles., 1978, 9, 1277). In an alternate approach, -substituted organolithium compounds of 1-amino-1-aryl ethyl dianion generated from styrene type of compounds undergo addition with carbonyl compounds to give variety of W, W′ substitution by variation of the carbonyl compounds (Barluenga, et al., J. Org, Chem., 1979, 44, 4798).

ii. synthesis of substituted 1,3-diamines

Substituted 1,3-diamines are synthesized starting from variety of substrates, Arylglutaronitriles can be transformed to 1-substituted diamines by hydrolysis to amide and Hoffman rearrangement conditions (Bertochio, et al., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr, 1962, 1809). Whereas, malononitrile substitution will enable variety of Z substitution by electrophile introduction followed by hydride reduction to corresponding diamines. In another approach, cinnamaldehydes react with hydrazines or substituted hydrazines to give corresponding pyrazolines which upon catalytic hydrogenation result in substituted 1,3-diamines (Weinhardt, et al., J. Med. Chem., 1985, 28, 694). High trans-diastereoselectivity of 1,3-substitution is also attainable by aryl Grignard addition on to pyrazolines followed by reduction (Alexakis, et al., J. Org. Chem., 1992, 576, 4563). 1-Aryl-1,3-diaminopropanes are also prepared by diborane reduction of 3-amino-3-arylacrylonitriles which inturn are made from nitrile substituted aromatic compounds (Dornow, et al., Chem. Ber., 1949, 82, 254). Reduction of 1,3-diimines obtained from corresponding 1,3-carbonyl compounds are another source of 1,3-diamine prodrug moiety which allows a wide variety of activating groups V and/or Z (Barluenga, et al., J. Org. Chem., 1983, 48, 2255).

iii. Synthesis of chiral substituted 1,3-hydroxyamines and 1,3-diamines

Enantiomerically pure 3-aryl-3-hydroxypropan-1-amines are synthesized by CBS enantioselective catalytic reaction of -chloropropiophenone followed by displacement of halo group to make secondary or primary amines as required (Corey, et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1989, 30, 5207). Chiral 3-aryl-3-amino propan-1-ol type of prodrug moiety may be obtained by 1,3-dipolar addition of chirally pure olefin and substituted nitrone of arylaldehyde followed by reduction of resulting isoxazolidine (Koizumi, et al., J. Org. Chem., 1982, 47, 4005). Chiral induction in 1,3-polar additions to form substituted isoxazolidines is also attained by chiral phosphine palladium complexes resulting in enatioselective formation of amino alcohols (Hori, et al., J. Org. Chem., 1999, 64, 5017). Alternatively, optically pure 1-aryl substituted amino alcohols are obtained by selective ring opening of corresponding chiral epoxy alcohols with desired amines (Canas et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1991, 32, 6931).

Several methods are known for diastereoselective synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted aminoalcohols. For example, treatment of (E)-N-cinnamyltrichloroacetamide with hypochlorus acid results in trans-dihydrooxazine which is readily hydrolysed to erythro-chloro-hydroxy-phenylpropanamine in high diastereoselectivity (Commercon et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 3871). Diastereoselective formation of 1,3-aminoalcohols is also achieved by reductive amination of optically pure 3-hydroxy ketones (Haddad et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 5981). In an alternate approach, 3-aminoketones are transformed to 1,3-disubstituted aminoalcohols in high stereoselectivity by a selective hydride reduction (Barluenga et al., J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1219).

All the above mentioned methods may also be applied to prepare corresponding V-Z or V-W annulated chiral aminoalcohols. Furthermore, such optically pure amino alcohols are also a source to obtain optically pure diamines by the procedures described earlier in the section.

Formulations

Compounds of the invention are administered orally in a total daily dose of about 0.01 mg/kg/dose to about 100 mg/kg/dose, preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg/dose to about 10 mg/kg/dose. The use of time-release preparations to control the rate of release of the active ingredient may be preferred. The dose may be administered in as many divided doses as is convenient. When other methods are used (e.g. intravenous administration), compounds are administered to the affected tissue at a rate from 0.05 to 10 mg/kg/hour, preferably from 0.1 to 1 mg/kg/hour. Such rates are easily maintained when these compounds are intravenously administered as discussed below.

For the purposes of this invention, the compounds may be administered by a variety of means including orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, or rectally in formulations containing pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. The term parenteral as used here includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intraarterial injections with a variety of infusion techniques. Intraarterial and intravenous injection as used herein includes administration through catheters. Oral administration is generally preferred.

Pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. When used for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation. Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents; such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.

Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

Aqueous suspensions of the invention contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients include a suspending agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate). The aqueous suspension may also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.

Oil suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oral suspensions may contain a thickening agent, such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents, such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Dispersible powders and granules of the invention suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent, and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those disclosed above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, a mineral oil, such as liquid paraffin, or a mixture of these. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.

Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butane-diol or prepared as a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils may conventionally be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewise be used in the preparation of injectables.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. For example, a time-release formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain approximately 1 to 1000 mg of active material compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions. It is preferred that the pharmaceutical composition be prepared which provides easily measurable amounts for administration. For example, an aqueous solution intended for intravenous infusion should contain from about 3 to 330 μg of the active ingredient per milliliter of solution in order that infusion of a suitable volume at a rate of about 30 mL/hr can occur.

As noted above, formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder (e.g., povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach. This is particularly advantageous with the compounds of formulae I and X when such compounds are susceptible to acid hydrolysis.

Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.

Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.

Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of a fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitor compound.

It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the individual being treated; the time and route of administration; the rate of excretion; other drugs which have previously been administered; and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy, as is well understood by those skilled in the art.

Utility

FBPase inhibitors may be used to treat diabetes mellitus, lower blood glucose levels, and inhibit gluconeogenesis.

FBPase inhibitors may also be used to treat excess glycogen storage diseases. Excessive hepatic glycogen stores are found in patients with some glycogen storage diseases. Since the indirect pathway contributes significantly to glycogen synthesis (Shulman, G. I. Phys. Rev. 72:1019-1035 (1992)), inhibition of the indirect pathway (gluconeogenesis flux) decreases glycogen overproduction.

FBPase inhibitors may also be used to treat or prevent diseases associated with increased insulin levels. Increased insulin levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications and atherosclerosis (Folsom, et al., Stroke, 25:66-73 (1994); Howard, G. et al., Circulation 93:1809-1817 (1996)). FBPase inhibitors are expected to decrease postprandial glucose levels by enhancing hepatic glucose uptake. This effect is postulated to occur in individuals that are non-diabetic (or pre-diabetic, i.e. without elevated hepatic glucose output “hereinafter HGO” or fasting blood glucose levels). Increased hepatic glucose uptake will decrease insulin secretion and thereby decrease the risk of diseases or complications that arise from elevated insulin levels.

One aspect of the invention is directed to the use of new cyclic 1,3-propanyl ester methodology which results in efficient conversion of the cyclic phosph(oramid)ate. The phosphonate containing compounds by p450 enzymes found in large amounts in the liver and other tissues containing these specific enzymes.

In another aspect of the invention, this prodrug methodology can also be used to prolong the pharmacodynamic half-life because the cyclic phosph(oramid)ates of the invention can prevent the action of enzymes which degrade the parent drug.

In another aspect of the invention, this prodrug methodology can be used to achieve sustained delivery of the parent drug because various novel prodrugs are slowly oxidized in the liver at different rates.

The novel cyclic 1,3-propanylester methodology of the present invention may also be used to increase the distribution of a particular drug to the liver which contains abundant amounts of the p450 isozymes responsible for oxidizing the cyclic 1,3-propanylester of the present invention so that the free phosph(oramid)ate is produced.

In another aspect of the invention, the cyclic phosph(oramid)ate prodrugs can increase the oral bioavailability of the drugs.

Theses aspects are described in greater detail below.

Evidence of the liver specificity can also be shown in vivo after both oral and i.v. administration of the prodrugs as described in Example E.

Drug is also detected in the liver following administration of drugs of formulae VI-VIII, shown below:

Prodrugs of formulae VI, VII, and VIII are particularly preferred.

The mechanism of cleavage could proceed by the following mechanisms. Further evidence for these mechanisms is indicated by analysis of the by-products of cleavage. Prodrugs of formula VI where Y is —O— generate phenyl vinyl ketone whereas prodrugs of formula VIII were shown to generate phenol (Example H).

Although the esters in the invention are not limited by the above mechanisms, in general, each ester contains a group or atom susceptible to microsomal oxidation (e.g. alcohol, benzylic methine proton), which in turn generates an intermediate that breaks down to the parent compound in aqueous solution via β-elimination of the phosph(oramid)ate diacid.

EXAMPLES 1. Synthesis of Compounds of Formula I Example 1 Preparation of 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde (1)

Step A. A solution of 2-furaldehyde diethyl acetal (1 mmole) in THF (tetrahydrofuran) was treated with nBuLi (1 mmole) at −78° C. After 1 h, diethyl chlorophosphate (1.2 mmole) was added and the reaction was stirred for 40 min. Extraction and evaporation gave a brown oil.

Step B. The resulting brown oil was treated with 80% acetic acid at 90° C. for 4 h. Extraction and chromatography gave compound 1 as a clear yellow oil. Alternatively this aldehyde can be prepared from furan as described below.

Step C. A solution of furan (1 mmole) in diethyl ether was treated with TMEDA (N,N,N′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) (1 mmole) and nBuLi (2 mmole) at −78° C. for 0.5 h. Diethyl chlorophosphate (1.2 mmole) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for another hour. Extraction and distillation gave diethyl 2-furanphosphonate as a clear oil.

Step D. A solution of diethyl 2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole) in THF was treated with LDA (1.12 mmole, lithium N,N-diisopropylamide) at −78° C. for 20 min. Methyl formate (1.5 mmole) was added and the reaction was stirred for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave compound 1 as a clear yellow oil. Preferably this aldehyde can be prepared from 2-furaldehyde as described below.

Step E. A solution of 2-furaldehyde (1 mmole) and N,N′-dimethylethylene diamine (1 mmole) in toluene was refluxed while the resulting water being collected through a Dean-Stark trap. After 2 h the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was distilled to give furan-2-(N,N′-dimethylimidazolidine) as a clear colorless oil. bp 59-61° C. (3 mm Hg).

Step F. A solution of furan-2-(N,N′-dimethylimidazolidine) (1 mmole) and TMEDA (1 mmole) in THF was treated with nBuLi (1.3 mmole) at −40 to −48° C. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h and then cooled to −55° C. and treated with a solution of diethylchlorophosphate (1.1 mmole) in THF. After stirring at 25° C. for 12 h the reaction mixture was evaporated and subjected to extraction to give 5-diethylphosphono-furan-2-(N,N′-dimethylimidazolidine) as a brown oil.

Step G. A solution of 5-diethylphosphonofuran-2-(N,N′-dimethyl-imidazolidine) (1 mmole) in water was treated with concentrated sulfuric acid until pH=1. Extraction and chromatography gave compound 1 as a clear yellow oil.

Example 2 Preparation of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(1-oxo)alkyl]furans and 6-diethylphosphono-2-[(1-oxo)alkyl]pyridines

Step A. A solution of furan (1.3 mmole) in toluene was treated with 4-methyl pentanoic acid (1 mmole), trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.2 mmole) and boron trifluoride etherate (0.1 mmole) at 56° C. for 3.5 h. The cooled reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1.9 mmole), filtered through a celite pad. Extraction, evaporation and distillation gave 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan as a brown oil (bp 65-77° C., 0.1 mmHg).

Step B. A solution of 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (1 mmole) in benzene was treated with ethylene glycol (2.1 mmole) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.05 mmole) at reflux for 60 h while removing water via a Dean-Stark trap. Triethyl orthoformate (0.6 mmole) was added and resulting mixture was heated at reflux for an additional hour. Extraction and evaporation gave 2-(2-furanyl)-2-[(3-methyl)butyl]-1,3-dioxolane as an orange liquid.

Step C. A solution of 2-(2-furanyl)-2-[(3-methyl)butyl]-1,3-dioxolane (1 mmole) in THF was treated with TMEDA (1 mmole) and nBuLi (1.1 mmole) at −45° C., and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at −5 to 0° C. for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to −45° C., and cannulated into a solution of diethyl chlorophosphate in THF at −45° C. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature over 1.25 h. Extraction and evaporation gave 2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-2-[(3-methyl)butyl]-1,3-dioxolane as a dark oil.

Step D. A solution of 2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-2-[(3-methyl)butyl]-1,3-dioxolane (1 mmole) in methanol was treated with 1 N hydrochloric acid (0.2 mmole) at 60° C. for 18 h. Extraction and distillation gave 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (2.1) as a light orange oil (bp 152-156° C., 0.1 mmHg).

The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

(2.2) 5-diethylphosphono-2-acetylfuran: bp 125-136° C., 0.1 mmHg.

(2.3) 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(1-oxo)butyl]furan: bp 130-145° C., 0.08 mmHg.

Alternatively these compounds can be prepared using the following procedures:

Step E. A solution of 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (1 mmole, prepared as in Step A) in benzene was treated with N,N-dimethyl hydrazine (2.1 mmole) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.05 mmole) at reflux for 6 h. Extraction and evaporation gave 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan N,N-dimethyl hydrazone as a brown liquid.

Step F. 2-[(4-Methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan N,N-dimethyl hydrazone was subjected to the procedures of Step C to give 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]-5-diethylphosphonofuran N,N-di-methyl hydrazone as a brown liquid which was treated with copper (II) chloride (1.1 equivalent) in ethanol-water at 25° C. for 6 h. Extraction and distillation gave compound 2.1 as a light orange oil.

Some of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(1-oxo)alkyl]furans are prepared using the following procedures:

Step G. A solution of compound 1 (1 mmole) and 1,3-propanedithiol (1.1 mmole) in chloroform was treated with borontrifluoride etherate (0.1 mmole) at 25° C. for 24 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-(2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl)-1,3-dithiane as a light yellow oil.

A solution of 2-(2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl)-1,3-dithiane (1 mmole) in THF was cooled to −78° C. and treated with nBuLi (1.2 mmole). After 1 h. at −78° C. the reaction mixture was treated with cyclopropanemethyl bromide and reaction was stirred at −78° C. for another hour. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-(2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl)-2-cyclopropanemethyl-1,3-dithiane as an oil.

A solution of 2-(2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl)-2-cyclopropanemethyl-1,3-dithiane (1 mmole) in acetonitrile—water was treated with [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene (2 mmole) at 25° C. for 24 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 5-diethylphosphono-2-(2-cyclopropylacetyl)furan as a light orange oil.

The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

-   (2.4) 5-Diethylphosphono-2-(2-ethoxycarbonylacetyl)furan -   (2.5) 5-Diethylphosphono-2-(2-methylthioacetyl)furan -   (2.6) 6-Diethylphosphono-2-acetylpyridine

Example 3 Preparation of 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles, 4-[2-(6-phosphono)pyridyl]thiazoles and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]selenazoles

Step A. A solution of compound 2.1 (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with copper (II) bromide (2.2 mmole) at reflux for 3 h. The cooled reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The resulting dark oil was purified by chromatography to give 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(2-bromo-4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan as an orange oil.

Step B. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(2-bromo-4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (1 mmole) and thiourea (2 mmole) in ethanol was heated at reflux for 2 h. The cooled reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the resulting yellow foam was suspended in saturated sodium bicarbonate and water (pH=8). The resulting yellow solid was collected through filtration to give 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

Step C. A solution of 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in methylene chloride was treated with bromotrimethylsilane (10 mmole) at 25° C. for 8 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was suspended in water. The resulting solid was collected through filtration to give 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (3.1) as an off-white solid. mp>250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PS+1.25HBr: C, 32.75; H, 4.06; N, 6.94. Found: C, 32.39; H, 4.33; N, 7.18.

According to the above procedures or in some cases with minor modifications of these procedures using conventional chemistry the following compounds were prepared:

(3.2) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆NO₄PS+HBr+0.1CH₂Cl₂: C, 37.20; H, 4.44; N, 3.58. Found: C, 37.24; H, 4.56; N, 3.30.

(3.3) 4-[2-(5-Phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₆NO₄PS+0.65 HBr: C, 29.63; H, 2.36; N, 4.94. Found: C, 29.92; H, 2.66; N, 4.57.

(3.4) 2-Methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 235-236° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈NO₄PS+0.25H₂O: C, 38.48; H, 3.43; N, 5.61. Found: C, 38.68; H, 3.33; N, 5.36.

(3.5) 2-Phenyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₇H₁₈NO₄PS+HBr: C, 45.96; H, 4.31; N, 3.15. Found: C, 45.56; H, 4.26; N, 2.76.

(3.6) 2-Isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole, mp 194-197° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂NO₄PS: C, 43.96; H, 4.43; N, 5.13. Found: C, 43.70; H, 4.35; N, 4.75.

(3.7) 5-Isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 164-166° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄NO₄PS: C, 45.99; H, 4.91; N, 4.88. Found: C, 45.63; H, 5.01; N, 4.73.

(3.8) 2-Aminothiocarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 189-191° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PS₂: C, 33.10; H, 2.43; N, 9.65. Found: C, 33.14; H, 2.50; N, 9.32.

(3.9) 2-(1-Piperidyl)-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₆H₂₃N₂O₄PS+1.3HBr: C, 40.41; H, 5.15; N, 5.89. Found: C, 40.46; H, 5.36; N, 5.53.

(3.10) 2-(2-Thienyl)-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₅H₁₆NO₄PS₂+0.75H₂O: C, 47.05; H, 4.61; N, 3.66. Found: C, 47.39; H, 4.36; N, 3.28.

(3.11) 2-(3-Pyridyl)-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₆H₁₇N₂O₄PS+3.75HBr: C, 28.78; H, 3.13; N, 4.20. Found: C, 28.73; H, 2.73; N, 4.53.

(3.12) 2-Acetamido-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 179-181° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₇N₂O₅PS+0.25H₂O: C, 44.76; H, 5.06; N, 8.03. Found: C, 44.73; H, 5.07; N, 7.89.

(3.13) 2-Amino-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₇N₂O₄PS: C, 34.15; H, 2.87; N, 11.38. Found: C, 33.88; H, 2.83; N, 11.17.

(3.14) 2-Methylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 202-205° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₄PS+0.5H₂O: C, 44.30; H, 5.58; N, 8.60. Found: C, 44.67; H, 5.27; N, 8.43.

(3.15) 2-(N-amino-N-methyl)amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 179-181° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₈N₃O₄PS+1.25HBr: C, 33.33; H, 4.49; N, 9.72. Found: C, 33.46; H, 4.81; N, 9.72.

(3.16) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 200-220° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₄PS+0.65HBr: C, 30.72; H, 3.11; N, 8.96. Found: C, 30.86; H, 3.33; N, 8.85.

(3.17) 2,5-Dimethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 195° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀NO₄PS+0.7HBr: C, 34.22; H, 3.41; N, 4.43. Found: C, 34.06; H, 3.54; N, 4.12.

(3.18) 2-Aminothiocarbonyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₄PS₂+0.1HBr+0.3EtOAc: C, 41.62; H, 4.63; N, 7.35. Found: C, 41.72; H, 4.30; N, 7.17.

(3.19) 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 163-165° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀NO₆PS+0.5H₂O: C, 38.47; H, 3.55; N, 4.49. Found: C, 38.35; H, 3.30; N, 4.42.

(3.20) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₄PS+1HBr: C, 32.53; H, 3.82; N, 7.59. Found: C, 32.90; H, 3.78; N, 7.65.

(3.21) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp>250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄PS: C, 39.42; H, 4.04; N, 10.22. Found: C, 39.02; H, 4.15; N, 9.92.

(3.22) 2-Cyanomethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 204-206° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₇N₂O₄PS: C, 40.01; H, 2.61; N, 10.37. Found: C, 39.69; H, 2.64; N, 10.03.

(3.23) 2-Aminothiocarbonylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 177-182° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆N₃O₄PS₂+0.2hexane+0.3HBr: C, 39.35; H, 4.78; N, 10.43. Found: C, 39.61; H, 4.48; N, 10.24.

(3.24) 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 235-237° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₄PS+0.3H₂O: C, 40.90; H, 4.67; N, 9.54. Found: C, 40.91; H, 4.44; N, 9.37.

(3.25) 2-Amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 248-250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₆PS+0.1HBr: C, 36.81; H, 3.43; N, 8.58. Found: C, 36.99; H, 3.35; N, 8.84.

(3.26) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 181-184° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₄PS₂+0.4H₂O: C, 32.08; H, 3.30; N, 9.35. Found: C, 32.09; H, 3.31; N, 9.15.

(3.27) 2-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₄PS+H₂O+0.75HBr: C, 32.91; H, 3.80; N, 7.68. Found: C, 33.10; H, 3.80; N, 7.34,

(3.28) 2-Amino-5-methanesulfinyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp>250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₅PS₂+0.35NaCl: C, 29.23; H, 2.76; N, 8.52. Found: C, 29.37; H, 2.52; N, 8.44.

(3.29) 2-Amino-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal, calcd for C₁₅H₁₃N₂O₆PS+0.2H₂O: C, 46.93; H, 3.52; N, 7.30. Found: C, 46.64; H, 3.18; N, 7.20.

(3.30) 2-Amino-5-cyclobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₄PS+0.15 HBr+0.15H₂O: C, 41.93; H, 4.30; N, 8.89. Found: C, 42.18; H, 4.49; N, 8.53.

(3.31) 2-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole hydrobromide. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₄PSBr+0.73HBr+0.15MeOH+0.5H₂O: C, 33.95; H, 3.74; N, 7.80; S, 8.93; Br, 16.24. Found: C, 33.72; H, 3.79; N, 7.65; S, 9.26; Br, 16.03.

(3.32) 2-Amino-5-[(N,N-dimethyl)aminomethyl]-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole dihydrobromide. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₆N₃O₄Br₂ PS+0.8CH₂Cl₂: C, 24.34; H, 3.33; N, 7.88. Found: C, 24.23; H, 3.35; N, 7.64.

(3.33) 2-Amino-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 227° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₉H₉N₂O₆PS+0.1H₂O+0.2HBr: C, 33.55; H, 2.94; N, 8.69. Found: C, 33.46; H, 3.02; N, 8.49.

(3.34) 2-Amino-5-ethylthiocarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 245° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₅PS₂: C, 35.93; H, 3.32; N, 8.38. Found: C, 35.98; H, 3.13; N, 8.17.

(3.35) 2-Amino-5-propyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 245° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₆PS: C, 39.76; H, 3.94; N, 8.43. Found: C, 39.77; H, 3.72; N, 8.19.

(3.36) 2-Amino-5-benzyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₄H₁₃N₂O₄PS+H₂O: C, 47.46; H, 4.27; N, 7.91. Found: C, 47.24; H, 4.08; N, 7.85.

(3.37) 2-Amino-5-[(N,N-diethyl)aminomethyl]-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole dihydrobromide. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₂₀N₃O₄Br₂PS+0.1HBr+1.4 MeOH: C, 29.47; H, 4.74; N, 7.69. Found: C, 29.41; H, 4.60; N, 7.32.

(3.38) 2-Amino-5-[(N,N-dimethyl)carbamoyl]-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₂N₃O₅PS+1.3HBr+1.0H₂O+0.3 Acetone: C, 28.59; H, 3.76; N, 9.18. Found: C, 28.40; H, 3.88; N, 9.01.

(3.39) 2-Amino-5-carboxyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₈H₇N₂O₆PS+0.2HBr+0.1H₂O: C, 31.18; H, 2.42; N, 9.09. Found: C, 31.11; H, 2.42; N, 8.83.

(3.40) 2-Amino-5-isopropyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 240° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₆PS: C, 39.76; H, 3.94; N, 8.43. Found: C, 39.42; H, 3.67; N, 8.09,

(3.41) 2-Methyl-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)-furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₂O₄PNS+0.75HBr+0.35H₂O: C, 36.02; H, 4.13; N, 4.06. Found: C, 36.34; H, 3.86; N, 3.69.

(3.42) 2-Methyl-5-cyclopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₂NO₄PS+0.3HBr+0.5CHCl₃: C, 37.41; H, 3.49; N, 3.79. Found: C, 37.61; H, 3.29; N, 3.41.

(3.43) 2-Methyl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₂NO₆PS: C, 41.64; H, 3.81; N, 4.40. Found: C, 41.61; H, 3.78; N, 4.39.

(3.44) 2-[(N-acetyl)amino]-5-methoxymethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₆PS+0.15HBr: C, 38.36; H, 3.85; N, 8.13. Found: C, 38.74; H, 3.44; N, 8.13.

(3.45) 2-Amino-5-(4-morpholinyl)methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole dihydrobromide. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₈Br₂N₃O₅PS+0.25HBr: C, 27.33; H, 3.49; N, 7.97. Found: C, 27.55; H, 3.75; N, 7.62.

(3.46) 2-Amino-5-cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 238° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₃N₂O₆PS: C, 41.86; H, 3.81; N, 8.14. Found: C, 41.69; H, 3.70; N, 8.01.

(3.47) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole N,N-dicyclohexylammonium salt. Mp>250° C. Anal. calcd for C₈H₉N₂O₄PS₂+1.15C₁₂H₂₃N: C, 52.28; H, 7.13; N, 8.81. Found: C, 52.12; H, 7.17; N, 8.81.

(3.48) 2-[(N-Dansyl)amino]-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₂₃H₂₆N₂O₆PS₂+0.5HBr: C, 47.96; H, 4.64; N, 7.29. Found: C, 48.23; H, 4.67; N, 7.22.

(3.49) 2-Amino-5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₈N₂F₃O₄PS: C, 32.94; H, 2.46; N, 8.54. Found: C, 32.57; H, 2.64; N, 8.14.

(3.50) 2-Methyl-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₀NO₄PS₂: C, 37.11; H, 3.46; N, 4.81. Found: C, 36.72; H, 3.23; N, 4.60.

(3.51) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole ammonium salt. Anal. calcd for C₈H₁₂N₃O₄PS₂: C, 31.07; H, 3.91; N, 13.59. Found: C, 31.28; H, 3.75; N, 13.60.

(3.52) 2-Cyano-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₉N₂O₄PS: C, 42.26; H, 3.19; N, 9.86. Found: C, 41.96; H, 2.95; N, 9.76.

(3.53) 2-Amino-5-hydroxymethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₈H₉N₂O₅PS: C, 34.79; H, 3.28; N, 10.14. Found: C, 34.57; H, 3.00; N, 10.04.

(3.54) 2-Cyano-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₃N₂O₄SP+0.09HBr: C, 46.15; H, 4.20; N, 8.97. Found: C, 44.81; H, 3.91; N, 8.51.

(3.55) 2-Amino-5-isopropylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole hydrobromide. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₄BrN₂O₄PS₂: C, 29.94; H, 3.52; N, 6.98. Found: C, 30.10; H, 3.20; N, 6.70.

(3.56) 2-Amino-5-phenylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O₄PS₂: C, 44.07; H, 3.13; N, 0.91. Found: C, 43.83; H, 3.07; N, 7.74.

(3.57) 2-Amino-5-tert-butylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PS₂+0.6CH₂Cl₂: C, 36.16; H, 4.24; N, 7.27. Found: C, 36.39; H, 3.86; N, 7.21.

(3.58) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole hydrobromide. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₄BrN₂O₄PS₂: C, 29.94; H, 3.52; N, 6.98. Found: C, 29.58; H, 3.50; N, 6.84.

(3.59) 2-Amino-5-ethylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄PS₂+0.25HBr: C, 33.11; H, 3.47; N, 8.58. Found: C, 33.30; H, 3.42; N, 8.60.

(3.60) 2-[(N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-5-methoxymethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₇PS: C, 43.08; H, 4.91; N, 7.18. Found: C, 42.69; H, 4.58; N, 7.39.

(3.61) 2-Hydroxyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₇H₆NO₅PS: C, 34.02; H, 2.45; N, 5.67. Found: C, 33.69; H, 2.42; N, 5.39.

(3.62) 2-Hydroxyl-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₀NO₅PS: C, 39.28; H, 3.66; N, 5.09. Found: C, 39.04; H, 3.44; N, 4.93.

(3.63) 2-Hydroxyl-5-isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₂NO₅PS+0.1HBr: C, 40.39; H, 4.10; N, 4.71. Found: C, 40.44; H, 4.11; N, 4.68.

(3.64) 2-Hydroxyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₄NO₆PS: C, 43.57; H, 4.65; N, 4.62. Found: C, 43.45; H, 4.66; N, 4.46.

(3.65) 5-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₀NO₆PS: C, 39.61; H, 3.32; N, 4.62. Found: C, 39.60; H, 3.24; N, 4.47.

(3.66) 2-Amino-5-vinyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₉N₂O₄PS+0.28HCl: C, 37.66; H, 3.26; N, 9.46. Found: C, 37.96; H, 3.37; N, 9.10.

(3.67) 2-Amino-4-[2-(6-phosphono)pyridyl]thiazole hydrobromide.

(3.68) 2-Methylthio-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₆NO₄PS₂: C, 43.24; H, 4.84; N, 4.20. Found: C, 43.55; H, 4.63; N, 4.46.

(3.69) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(3-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal, calcd for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PS+0.1H₂O: C, 43.45; H, 5.04; N, 9.21. Found: C, 43.68; H, 5.38; N, 8.98.

(3.70) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]selenazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PSe+0.14 HBr+0.6 EtOAc: C, 38.93; H, 4.86; N, 6.78. Found: C, 39.18; H, 4.53; N, 6.61.

(3.71) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]selenazole. Anal. calcd for C₈H₉N₂O₄PSSe+0.7 HBr+0.2 EtOAc: C, 25.57; H, 2.75; N, 6.78. Found: C, 25.46; H, 2.49; N, 6.74.

(3.72) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]selenazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄PSe+HBr: C, 26.89; H, 3.01; N, 6.97. Found: C, 26.60; H, 3.16; N, 6.81.

Example 4 Preparation of 5-halo-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles

Step A. A solution of 2-amino-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (prepared as in Step B of Example 3) (1 mmole) in chloroform was treated with N-bromo succinimide (NBS) (1.5 mmole) at 25° C. for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole as a brown solid.

Step B. 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (4.1) as a yellow solid. mp>230° C. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₆N₂O₄PSBr: C, 25.86; H, 1.86; N, 8.62. Found: C, 25.93; H, 1.64; N, 8.53.

The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

(4.2) 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₆N₂O₄PSCl: C, 29.96; H, 2.16; N, 9.98. Found: C, 29.99; H, 1.97; N, 9.75.

(4.3) 2-Amino-5-iodo-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₆N₂O₄PSI: C, 22.42; H, 2.28; N, 6.70. Found: C, 22.32; H, 2.10; N, 6.31.

(4.4) 2,5-Dibromo-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₄NO₄PSBr₂: C, 21.62; H, 1.04; N, 3.60. Found: C, 21.88; H, 0.83; N, 3.66.

Examples 5, Preparation of 2-halo-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles

Step A. A solution of 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (prepared as in Step B of Example 3) (1 mmole) in acetonitrile was treated with copper (II) bromide (1.2 mmole) and isoamyl nitrite (1.2 mmole) at 0° C. for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-bromo-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole as a brown solid.

Step B. 2-Bromo-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-bromo-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (5.1) as a yellow hygroscopic solid. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃NO₄PSBr: C, 36.08; H, 3.58; N, 3.83. Found: C, 36.47; H, 3.66; N, 3.69.

The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

(5.2) 2-Chloro-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole: Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃NO₄PSCl: C, 41.07; H, 4.07; N, 4.35. Found: C, 40.77; H, 4.31; N, 4.05.

(5.3) 2-Bromo-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole: Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇NO₄PS₂Br: C, 26.98; H, 1.98; N, 3.93. Found: C, 27.21; H, 1.82; N, 3.84.

Example 6 Preparation of Various 2- and 5-substituted 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles

Step A. A solution of 2-bromo-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole, prepared as in the Step A of Example 5) in DMF was treated with tributyl(vinyl)tin (5 mmole) and palladium bis(triphenylphosphine) dichloride (0.05 mmole) at 100° C. under nitrogen. After 5 h the cooled reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was subjected to chromatography to give 2-vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole as a yellow solid.

Step B. 2-Vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (6.1) as a yellow solid. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₆NO₄PS+1HBr+0.1H₂O: C, 39.43; H, 4.38; N, 3.54. Found: C, 39.18; H, 4.38; N, 3.56.

This method can also be used to prepare various 5-substituted 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles from their corresponding halides.

Step C. 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step A using 2-tributylstannylfuran as the coupling partner to give 2-amino-5-(2-furanyl)-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

Step D. 2-Amino-5-(2-furanyl)-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-(2-furanyl)-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (6.2). mp 190-210° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₉N₂O₅PS+0.25HBr: C, 39.74; H, 2.80; N, 8.43. Found: C, 39.83; H, 2.92; N, 8.46.

The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

(6.3) 2-Amino-5-(2-thienyl)-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₉N₂O₄PS₂+0.3EtOAc+0.1 HBr: C, 40.77; H, 3.40; N, 7.79. Found: C, 40.87; H, 3.04; N, 7.45.

Example 7 Preparation of 2-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles

Step A. A solution of 2-vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole, prepared as in the Step A of Example 6) in ethanol was treated with palladium on carbon (0.05 mmole) under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography to give 2-ethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole as a yellow foam.

Step B. 2-Ethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-ethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (7.1) as a yellow solid. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₈NO₄PS+1HBr: C, 39.41; H, 4.83; N, 3.53. Found: C, 39.65; H, 4.79; N, 3.61.

Example 8 Preparation of 4-phosphonomethoxymethylthiazoles

Step A. A solution of diethyl hydroxymethylphosphonate (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with sodium hydride (1.2 mmole) followed by 2-methyl-4-chloromethylthiazole (I mmole) at 0° C. and stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-methyl-4-(diethylphosphonomethoxymethyl)thiazole.

Step B. 2-Methyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxymethylthiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxymethylthiazole (8.1). Anal. calcd. for C₆H₁₀NO₄PS+0.5HBr+0.5H₂O: C, 26.43; H, 4.25; N, 5.14. Found: C, 26.52; H, 4.22; N, 4.84.

Step C. 2-Methyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxymethylthiazole was subjected to Step A of Example 4 and followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 5-bromo-2-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxymethylthiazole (8.2). Anal. calcd. for C₆H₉NO₄PSBr+0.5HBr: C, 21.04; H, 2.80; N, 4.09. Found: C, 21.13; H, 2.69; N, 4.01.

Step D. A solution of ethyl 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-thiazolecarboxylate (1 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was cooled to −78° C., and treated with DIBAL-H (1M, 5 mL). The reaction was stirred at −60° C. for 3 h, and quenched with a suspension of NaF/H₂O (1 g/1 mL). The resulting mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-hydroxymethylthiazole as a solid.

Step E. A solution of 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-hydroxymethylthiazole (1 mmole) in DMF (10 mL) was cooled to 0° C., and treated with NaH (1.1 mmole). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, then phosphonomethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.1 mmole) was added. After stirring at room temperature for 4 h, the reaction was evaporated to dryness. Chromatography of the residue gave 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxylmethylthiazole as a solid.

Step F. 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxylmethylthiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxymethylthiazole (8.3) as a solid. Anal. calcd. for C₅H₉N₂O₄PS+0.16 HBr+0.1 MeOH: C, 25.49; H, 4.01; N, 11.66. Found: C, 25.68; H, 3.84; N, 11.33.

Example 9 Preparation of 2-carbamoyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles

Step A. A solution of 2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in saturated methanolic ammonia solution at 25° C. for 12 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-carbamoyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole as a white solid.

Step B. 2-Carbamoyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-carbamoyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.1) as a solid. mp 185-186° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₅PS: C, 43.64; H, 4.58; N, 8.48. Found: C, 43.88; H, 4.70; N, 8.17.

The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

(9.2) 2-Carbamoyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 195-200° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₅PS+0.25H₂O: C, 34.48; H, 2.71; N, 10.05. Found: C, 34.67; H, 2.44; N, 9.84.

2-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazoles can also be converted to other 2-substituted 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles.

Step C. A solution of 2-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in methanol was treated with sodium borohydride (1.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-hydroxymethyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

Step D. 2-Hydroxymethyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-hydroxymethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.3). mp 205-207° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈NO₅PS+0.25H₂O: C, 36.16; H, 3.22; N, 5.27. Found: C, 35.98; H, 2.84; N, 5.15.

The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

(9.4) 2-Hydroxymethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 160-170° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆NO₅PS+0.75HBr: C, 38.13; H, 4.47; N, 3.71. Found: C, 37.90; H, 4.08; N, 3.60.

Step E. A solution of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in methylene chloride was treated with phosphorus tribromide (1.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 2 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-bromo methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

Step F. 2-Bromomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-bromomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.5). mp 161-163° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅BrNO₄PS+0.25HBr: C, 35.99; H, 3.84; N, 3.50. Found: C, 36.01; H, 3.52; N, 3.37.

The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

(9.6) 2-Bromomethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp>250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇BrNO₄PS: C, 29.65; H, 2.18; N, 4.32. Found: C, 29.47; H, 1.99; N, 4.16.

Step G. A solution of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in methylene chloride was treated with thionyl chloride (1.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 2 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-chloromethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

Step H. 2-Chloromethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-chloromethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.7). mp 160-162° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅ClNO₄PS+0.45HBr: C, 38.73; H, 4.18; N, 3.76. Found: C, 38.78; H, 4.14; N, 3.73.

Step I. A solution of 2-bromomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with potassium phthalimide (1.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-phthalimidomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

Step J. 2-Phthalimidomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with hydrazine (1.5 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Filtration, evaporation and chromatography gave 2-aminomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

Step K. 2-Aminomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-aminomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.8). mp 235-237° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₄PS+0.205HBr: C, 43.30; H, 5.21; N, 8.41. Found: C, 43.66; H, 4.83; N, 8.02.

According to the above procedures or in some cases with some minor modifications of the above procedures, the following compounds were prepared:

(9.9) 2-Carbamoyl-5-cyclopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.15HBr: C, 40.48; H, 3.44; N, 8.58. Found: C, 40.28; H, 3.83; N, 8.34.

(9.10) 2-Carbamoyl-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.75H₂O: C, 38.04; H, 3.99; N, 8.87. Found: C, 37.65; H, 3.93; N, 8.76.

Example 10 Preparation of 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazoles and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazoles

Step A. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(2-bromo-4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (1 mmole) in t-BuOH was treated with urea (10 r=role) at reflux for 72 h. Filtration, evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole, and 2-hydroxy-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole.

Step B. 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole (10.1). mp 250° C. (decomp.). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅P: C, 46.16; H, 5.28; N, 9.79. Found: C, 45.80; H, 5.15; N, 9.55.

Step C. 2-Hydroxy-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-hydroxy-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole (10.14). mp 205° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅P: C, 46.16; H, 5.28; N, 9.79. Found: C, 45.80; H, 4.90; N, 9.73.

Alternatively 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazoles and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazoles can be prepared as following:

Step D. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(2-bromo-4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (1 mmole) in acetic acid was treated with sodium acetate (2 mmole) and ammonium acetate (2 mmole) at 100° C. for 4 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-oxazole, 2-methyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole and 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole.

Step E. 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole, 2-methyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole and 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole were subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give the following compounds:

(10.18) 2-Methyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. mp>230° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇BrNO₅P+0.4H₂O: C, 38.60; H, 4.81; N, 3.75. Found: C, 38.29; H, 4.61; N, 3.67.

(10.19) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇BrNO₅P: C, 39.36; H, 4.68; N, 3.83. Found: C, 39.33; H, 4.56; N, 3.85.

(10.21) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₈BrN₂O₄P+0.2NH₄Br: C, 37.46; H, 4.93; N, 8.01. Found: C, 37.12; H, 5.11; N, 8.28.

Alternatively 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazoles can be prepared as following:

Step F. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-(bromoacetyl)furan (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with trifluoroacetamidine (2 mmole) at 80° C. for 4 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-trifluoromethyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole as an oil.

Step G. 2-Trifluoromethyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-trifluoromethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole (10.22). mp 188° C. (dec.); Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₆F₃N₂O₄P+0.5HBr: C, 29.79; H, 2.03; N, 8.68. Found: C, 29.93; H, 2.27; N, 8.30.

Alternatively 4,5-dimethyl-1-isobutyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]-imidazole can be prepared as following:

Step H. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde (1 mmole), ammonium acetate (1.4 mmole), 3,4-butanedione (3 mmole) and isobutylamine (3 mmole) in glacial acetic acid was heated at 100° C. for 24 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 4,5-dimethyl-1-isobutyl-2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole as an yellow solid.

Step I. 4,5-Dimethyl-1-isobutyl-2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-imidazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 4,5-dimethyl-1-isobutyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole (10.23); Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₉N₂O₄P+1.35HBr: C, 38.32; H, 5.03; N, 6.87. Found: C, 38.09; H, 5.04; N, 7.20.

According to the above procedures or in some cases with some minor modifications of the above procedures, the following compounds were prepared:

(10.2) 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 250° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂₅P: C, 44.13; H, 4.81; N, 10.29. Found: C, 43.74; H, 4.69; N, 9.92.

(10.3) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₅P+0.4H₂O: C, 40.73; H, 4.48; N, 10.56. Found: C, 40.85; H, 4.10; N, 10.21.

(10.4) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₅P+0.1H₂O: C, 39.07; H, 3.77; N, 11.39. Found: C, 38.96; H, 3.59; N, 11.18.

(10.5) 2-Amino-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₇N₂O₅P+0.6H₂O: C, 34.90; H, 3.43; N, 11.63. Found: C, 34.72; H, 3.08; N, 11.35.

(10.6) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₅BrP+0.4H₂O: C, 35.29; H, 4.52; N, 7.48. Found: C, 35.09; H, 4.21; N, 7.34.

(10.7) 2-Amino-5-phenyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O₅P: C, 50.99; H, 3.62; N, 9.15. Found: C, 50.70; H, 3.43; N, 8.96.

(10.8) 2-Amino-5-benzyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₃N₂O₅P+1.1H₂O: C, 49.45; H, 4.51; N, 8.24. Found: C, 49.35; H, 4.32; N, 8.04.

(10.9) 2-Amino-5-cyclohexylmethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₅P+0.3H₂O: C, 50.70; H, 5.96; N, 8.45. Found: C, 50.60; H, 5.93; N, 8.38.

(10.10) 2-Amino-5-allyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₅P+0.4HBr+0.3H₂O: C, 39.00; H, 3.93; N, 9.10. Found: C, 39.31; H, 3.83; N, 8.76.

(10.11) 5-Isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄NO₅P: C, 48.72; H, 5.20; N, 5.16. Found: C, 48.67; H, 5.02; N, 5.10.

(10.12) 2-Amino-5-butyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅P 0.2H₂O: C, 45.59; H, 5.36; N, 9.67. Found: C, 45.32; H, 5.29; N, 9.50.

(10.13) 5-Isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole-2-one. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄NO₆P+0.39HBr: C, 41.45; H, 4.55; N, 4.39. Found: C, 41.79; H, 4.22; N, 4.04.

(10.15) 5-Cyclohexylmethyl-2-hydroxy-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₅P+0.05HBr: C, 50.90; H, 5.81; N, 8.48. Found: C, 51.06; H, 5.83; N, 8.25.

(10.16) 5-Butyl-2-hydroxy-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅P+0.2H₂O: C, 45.59; H, 5.36; N, 9.67. Found: C, 45.77; H, 5.34; N, 9.39.

(10.17) 5-Benzyl-2-hydroxy-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₃N₂O₅P: C, 52.51; H, 4.09; N, 8.75. Found: C, 52.29; H, 4.15; N, 8.36.

(10.20) 2-Methyl-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₆BrN₂O₄P+0.5H₂O: C, 36.69; H, 4.76; N, 7.78. Found: C, 36.81; H, 4.99; N, 7.42.

(10.24) 2-Amino-5-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.9HBr: C, 36.12; H, 3.01; N, 7.02. Found: C, 36.37; H, 2.72; N, 7.01.

(10.25) 2-Dimethylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₂₀BrN₂O₅P+0.05HBr: C, 39.11; H, 5.06; N, 7.02. Found: C, 39.17; H, 4.83; N, 6.66

(10.26) 2-Isopropyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd for C₁₄H₂₀NO₅P+0.8HBr: C, 44.48; H, 5.55; N, 3.71. Found: C, 44.45; H, 5.57; N, 3.73.

(10.27) 2-Amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 245° C. (decomp.). Anal. Calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₇P: C, 39.75; H, 3.67; N, 9.27. Found: C, 39.45; H, 3.71; N, 8.87

(10.28) 2-Methylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₁₈BrN₂O₅P+0.7H₂O: C, 36.60; H, 4.97; N, 7.11. Found: C, 36.50; H, 5.09; N, 7.04.

(10.29) 2-Ethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₁₉BrNO₅P: C, 41.07; H, 5.04; N, 3.68. Found: C, 41.12; H, 4.84; N, 3.62.

(10.30) 2-Ethylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₂₀BrN₂O₅P: C, 39.51; H, 5.10; N, 7.09. Found: C, 39.03; H, 5.48; N, 8.90.

(10.31) 2-Vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₁₆NO₅P+0.25HBr: C, 49.18; H, 5.16; N, 4.41. Found: C, 48.94; H, 5.15; N, 4.40.

(10.32) 2-Amino-5-pentyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₅P+0.5H₂O: C, 46.61; H, 5.87; N, 9.06. Found: C, 46.38; H, 5.79; N, 9.07.

(10.33) 5-Pentyl-2-hydroxy-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₅P: C, 48.00; H, 5.71; N, 9.33. Found: C, 48.04; H, 5.58; N, 9.26.

(10.45) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 196° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₅PS: C, 34.79; H, 3.28; N, 10.14. Found: C, 34.60; H, 2.97; N, 10.00.

(10.35) 2-Amino-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₅H₁₃N₂O₇P+0.7H₂O: C, 47.81; H, 3.85; N, 7.43. Found: C, 47.85; H, 3.88; N, 7.21.

(10.36) 2-Amino-5-isopropyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 221° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₇P+0.9H₂O: C, 39.75; H, 4.49; N, 8.43. Found: C, 39.72; H, 4.25; N, 8.20.

(10.37) 2-Amino-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 240° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₉H₉N₂O₇P+0.3H₂O+0.1Acetone: C, 37.31; H, 3.43; N, 9.36. Found: C, 37.37; H, 3.19; N, 9.01.

(10.38) 2-Amino-5-[(N-methyl)carbamoyl]-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 235° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₀N₃O₆P: C, 37.64; H, 3.51; N, 14.63. Found: C, 37.37; H, 3.22; N, 14.44.

(10.39) 2-Amino-5-ethylthiocarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 225° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₆PS: C, 37.74; H, 3.48; N, 8.80. Found: C, 37.67; H, 3.27; N, 8.46.

(10.40) 2-Amino-5-isopropylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₅PS+0.2HBr: C, 37.48; H, 4.15; N, 8.74. Found: C, 37.39; H, 4.11; N, 8.56.

(10.41) 2-Amino-5-phenylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.25 HBr: C, 43.55; H, 3.16; N, 7.81. Found: C, 43.82; H, 3.28; N, 7.59.

(10.42) 2-Amino-5-ethylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazol. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.85HBr: C, 30.11; H, 3.33; N, 7.80. Found: C, 30.18; H, 3.44; N, 7.60.

(10.43) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅+H₂O: C, 37.27; H, 4.69; N, 8.69; H₂O: 5.59. Found: C, 37.27; H, 4.67; N, 8.60; H₂O: 5.66.

(10.44) 2-Amino-5-tert-butylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅PS+0.25HBr: C, 39.03; H, 4.54; N, 8.28. Found: C, 39.04; H, 4.62; N, 8.06,

(10.34) 4,5-Dimethyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄P 1.25H₂O: C, 40.84; H, 5.14; N, 10.58. Found: C, 41.02; H, 5.09; N, 10.27.

Example 11 Preparation of N-alkylated 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazoles and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazoles

Step A. A suspension of cesium carbonate (1.5 mmole) and 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with iodomethane (1.5 mmole) at 25° C. for 16 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 1,2-dimethyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole and 1,2-dimethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]imidazole.

Step B. 1,2-Dimethyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-imidazole and 1,2-dimethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-imidazole were subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give the following compounds:

(11.1) 1,2-Dimethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₂₀N₂O₄PBr+0.8H₂O: C, 39.67; H, 5.53; N, 7.12. Found: C, 39.63; H, 5.48; N, 7.16.

Example 12 Preparation of 2-[2-(6-phosphono)pyridyl]pyridine

Step A. A solution of 2,2′-bipyridyl (1 mmole) in dichloromethane was treated with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (2 mmole) at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2,2′-bipyridyl-N-oxide.

Step B. (Redmore, D., J. Org. Chem., 1970, 35, 4114) A solution of 2,2′-bipyridyl-N-oxide methyl ether (1 mmole, prepared from dimethyl sulfate and 2,2′-bipyridyl-N-oxide in diethyl phosphite) was added slowly at −30° C. to a solution of n-butyl lithium (1 mmole) in diethyl phosphite at −30° C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-[2-(6-diethylphosphono)pyridyl]pyridine.

Step C. 2-[2-(6-Diethylphosphono)pyridyl]pyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-[2-(6-phosphono)pyridyl]pyridine (12.1). mp 158-162° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₉N₂O₃P+0.5H₂O+0.1HBr: C, 47.42; H, 4.02; N, 11.06. Found: C, 47.03; H, 3.67; N, 10.95.

Example 13 Preparation of 4,6-dimethyl-2-(phosphonomethoxymethyl)pyridine

Step A. A solution of 2,4,6-collidine (1 mmole) in carbon tetrachloride was treated with NBS (5 mmole) and dibenzoyl peroxide (0.25 mmole) at 80° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and the precipitate was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. Chromatography gave 2-bromomethyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine.

Step B. A solution of diethyl hydroxymethylphosphonate (1 mmole) in toluene was treated with sodium hydride (1.1 mmole) at 0° C., and after 15 min 2-bromomethyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine (1 mmole) was added. After 3 h the reaction mixture was subjected to extraction and chromatography to give 2-diethylphosphonomethyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine.

Step C. 2-Diethylphosphonomethyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 4,6-dimethyl-2-(phosphonomethoxymethyl)pyridine (13.1). mp 109-112° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₄NO₄P+1.0H₂O+0.5HBr: C, 37.32; H, 5.74; N, 4.84. Found: C, 37.18; H, 5.38; N, 4.67.

The following compound was prepared similarly:

(13.2) 2-Amino-4-methyl-5-propyl-6-phosphonomethoxymethylpyrimidine. mp 153-156° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₈N₃O₄P+1.25H₂O+1.6HBr: C, 28.11; H, 5.21; N, 9.84. Found: C, 28.25; H, 4.75; N, 9.74.

Example 14 Preparation of diethyl 5-tributylstannyl-2-furanphosphonate (14)

A solution of diethyl 2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole, prepared as in Step C of Example 1) in THF was cooled at −78° C. and cannulated to a solution of lithium N-isopropyl-N-cyclohexylamide in THF at −78° C. over 15 min. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h and cannulated into a solution of tributyltin chloride (1 mmole) in THF at −78° C. over 20 min. The mixture was then stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, and at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave compound (14) as a light yellow oil.

Example 15 Preparation of 6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridines

Step A. A solution of 2,6-dichloropyridine (120 mmol) in ethanol was treated with aqueous ammonia solution (28%, excess) at 160-165° C. for 60 h in a sealed tube. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-6-chloropyridine as a white solid.

Step B. A solution of 2-amino-6-chloropyridine (1 mmole) and compound 14 (I mmole) in p-xylene was treated with tetrakis(triphenylohosphine) palladium (0.05 mmole) at reflux for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine as a light yellow solid.

Step C. 2-Amino-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine (15.1). mp 186-187° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₄P+0.4HBr: C, 39.67; H, 3.48; N, 10.28. Found: C, 39.95; H, 3.36; N, 10.04.

Step D. A solution of 2-amino-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (1 mmole) in acetic acid was treated with a solution of bromine in acetic acid (1N, 1 mmole) at 25° C. for 0.5 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-bromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine and 2-amino-3,5-dibromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

Step E. 2-Amino-5-bromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine and 2-amino-3,5-dibromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine were subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give the following compounds:

(15.2) 6-Amino-3-bromo-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₈BrN₂O₄P+0.7H₂O+0.9HBr+0.12PhCH₃: C, 28.44; H, 2.73; N, 6.74. Found: C, 28.64; H, 2.79; N, 6.31.

(15.3) 6-Amino-3,5-dibromo-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine, mp 233-235° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₇Br₂N₂O₄P+1.2HBr: C, 21.84; H, 1.67; N, 5.66. Found: C, 21.90; H, 1.52; N, 5.30.

Step F. A solution of 2-amino-3,5-dibromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with tributyl(vinyl)tin (1.2 mmole) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.2 mmole) at 85° C. for 4 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-3,5-bis(vinyl)-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

Step G. A solution of 2-amino-3,5-bis(vinyl)-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (1 mmole) in ethyl acetate was treated with palladium on carbon (10%) at 25° C. under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen for 12 h. Filtration, evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-3,5-diethyl-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

Step H. 2-Amino-3,5-diethyl-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-3,5-diethyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine (15.4). mp 217-218° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₇N₂O₄P+0.7H₂O+1.0HBr: C, 40.06; H, 5.02; N, 7.19. Found: C, 40.14; H, 4.70; N, 6.87.

Step I. A solution of 2-amino-6-picoline (1 mmole) in 48% hydrobromic acid (4.4 mmole) was treated with bromine (3 mmole) at 0° C. for 1 h. An aqueous solution of sodium nitrite (2.5 mmole) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (9.4 mmole) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2,3-dibromo-6-picoline and 2,3,5-tribromo-6-picoline.

Step J. 2,3-Dibromo-6-picoline was subjected to Step B of Example 15 and followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 5-bromo-2-methyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine (15.5). mp 207-208° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₉BrNO₄P+0.6HBr: C, 32.76; H, 2.64; N, 3.88. Found: C, 32.62; H, 2.95; N, 3.55.

Following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures or with some minor modifications of these procedures using conventional chemistry.

(15.6) 2-[2-(5-Phosphono)furanyl]pyridine, mp 220-221° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₈NO₄P+0.1H₂O+0.45HBr: C, 41.05; H, 3.31; N, 5.32. Found: C, 41.06; H, 3.10; N, 5.10.

(15.7) 2-Amino-3-nitro-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 221-222° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₈N₃O₆P+0.55HBr+0.02PhCH₃: C, 33.12; H, 2.65; N, 12.68. Found: C, 33.22; H, 2.43; N, 12.26.

(15.8) 2,3-Diamino-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 150-153° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄P+1.5HBr+0.05PhCH₃: C, 29.46; H, 3.15; N, 11.02. Found: C, 29.50; H, 3.29; N, 10.60.

(15.9) 2-Chloro-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 94-96° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₇ClNO₄P+0.25HBr: C, 38.63; H, 2.61; N, 5.01. Found: C, 38.91; H, 3.00; N, 5.07.

(15.10) 3,5-Dichloro-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 180-181° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₆Cl₂NO₄P+0.7HBr: C, 31.61; H, 2.01; N, 3.94. Found: C, 31.69; H, 2.09; N, 3.89.

(15.11) 3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 253-254° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₆ClF₃NO₄P: C, 36.67; H, 1.85; N, 4.28. Found: C, 36.69; H, 1.89; N, 4.30.

(15.12) 2-Amino-3-ethyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 220-221° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₄P+0.6HBr+0.2H₂O: C, 41.24; H, 4.40; N, 8.74. Found: C, 41.02; H, 4.57; N, 8.68.

(15.13) 6-Amino-3-ethyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₄P+1.0HBr+0.3H₂O: C, 37.27; H, 4.15; N, 7.90. Found: C, 37.27; H, 4.19; N, 7.51.

(15.14) 6-Amino-3-propyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 252-253° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₄P+1.0HBr+1.0H₂O+0.32PhCH₃: C, 41.65; H, 5.05; N, 6.82. Found: C, 41.97; H, 5.19; N, 6.83.

(15.15) 2,4-Dimethyl-3-bromo-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 232-233° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₁BrNO₄P+0.45HBr: C, 35.85; H, 3.13; N, 3.80. Found: C, 35.98; H, 3.10; N, 3.71.

(15.16) 2-Chloro-4-amino-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₈N₂O₄PCl+HBr+0.5H₂O+MeOH: C, 30.99; H, 3.38; N, 7.23. Found: C, 31.09; H, 3.21; N, 6.96.

(15.17) 3-Hydroxyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₈NO₅P+1.1HBr+0.3 CH₃Ph: C, 37.26; H, 3.24; N, 3.91. Found: C, 37.66; H, 3.55; N, 3.84.

(15.19) 2-Amino-3-cyclopropyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃N₂O₄PCl+HBr+0.4H₂O: C, 39.13; H, 4.05; N, 7.61. Found: C, 39.06; H, 3.85; N, 7.37.

(15.20) 2-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃N₂O₄P+HBr+0.7 CH₃Ph: C, 47.69; H, 4.64; N, 6.58. Found: C, 47.99; H, 4.62; N, 6.91.

(15.21) 5-Amino-2-methoxy-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₅P+0.2H₂O: C, 43.87; H, 4.20; N, 10.23. Found: C, 43.71; H, 3.77; N, 9.77.

(15.22) 2-Methyl-5-cyano-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₉N₂O₄P+0.75 HBr+0.5H₂O+0.5 MePh: C, 45.84; H, 3.91; N, 7.37. Found: C, 45.93; H, 3.56; N, 7.36.

(15.23) 2-Amino-3,5-bis(cyano)-4-methyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₉N₄O₄P+0.7H₂O: C, 45.49; H, 3.31; N, 17.68. Found: C, 45.48; H, 3.06; N, 17.51.

(15.24) 2-Chloro-4-cyano-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₆N₂O₄PCl: C, 42.20; H, 2.13; N, 9.84. Found: C, 41.95; H, 2.10; N, 9.47.

Example 16 Preparation of 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidines and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidines

Step A. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(1-oxo)pentyl]furan in N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal was heated at reflux for 12 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave diethyl 5-(2-propyl-3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate.

Step B. A solution of diethyl 5-(2-propyl-3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with guanidine hydrogen chloride (1.2 mmole) and sodium ethoxide (1 mmole) at 80° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated, and residue was dissolved in water. The aqueous solution was neutralized with HCl (2 N), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene to give 2-amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-ethylphosphono)-furanyl]pyrimidine as a yellow solid.

Step C. 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-ethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine (1 mmole) and thionyl chloride was heated at reflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in methylene chloride, and treated with excess pyridine and ethanol at 25° C. for 12 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine.

Step D. 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine (16.1). mp 258-259° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄N₃O₄P+1.33H₂O: C, 43.01; H, 5.47; N, 13.68. Found: C, 43.18; H, 5.31; N, 13.30.

The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

(16.2) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 218-220° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆N₃O₄P+0.75HBr+0.3PhCH₃: C, 43.92; H, 5.01; N, 10.90. Found: C, 44.02; H, 4.62; N, 10.69.

Alternatively other 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidines can be prepared according to the following procedures:

Step E. Compound 2.2 was subjected to Step A of Example 16 to give diethyl 5-(3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate as an orange solid.

Step F. A solution of diethyl 5-(3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole), sodium ethoxide ethanol solution (2 mmole) and guanidine hydrochloride (1.1 mmole) was heated at 55° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath and was neutralized with 1N HCl. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]pyrimidine as a yellow solid.

Step G. 2-Amino-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]-pyrimidine (16.3). mp>230° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₈N₃O₄P+0.75H₂O+0.2HBr: C, 35.48; H, 3.61; N, 15.51. Found: C, 35.42; H, 3.80; N, 15.30.

Step H. A solution of 2-amino-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine (1 mmole) in methanol and chloroform was treated with NBS (1.5 mmole) at 25° C. for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine as a yellow solid.

Step I. 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine was subjected to Steps F and G of Example 15 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine (16.4). mp>225° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₃O₄P+1.4H₂O+0.2HBr+0.25PhCH₃: C, 42.30; H, 5.14; N, 12.59. Found: C, 42.74; H, 4.94; N, 12.13.

The following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures or with some minor modifications using conventional chemistry:

(16.5) 2-[2-(5-Phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 194-196° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄P+0.1H₂O+0.55HBr: C, 35.27; H, 2.87; N, 10.28. Found: C, 35.26; H, 2.83; N, 9.89.

(16.6) 2-Amino-6-methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 238-239° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄P+0.9HBr: C, 32.96; H, 3.35; N, 12.81. Found: C, 33.25; H, 3.34; N, 12.46.

(16.7) 2-Methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 228-229° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₄PS+0.5H₂O: C, 38.44; H, 3.58; N, 9.96. Found: C, 38.19; H, 3.25; N, 9.66.

(16.8) 2-Methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 206-212° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₄P+0.9H₂O+0.25HBr: C, 34.05; H, 3.30; N, 8.82. Found: C, 34.02; H, 3.06; N, 8.75.

(16.9) 4,6-Dimethyl-5-bromo-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 251-252° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀BrN₂O₄P: C, 36.06; H, 3.03; N, 8.41. Found: C, 35.89; H, 2.82; N, 8.11.

(16.10) 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₇ClN₃O₄P+0.5H₂O: C, 33.76; H, 2.83; N, 14.76. Found: C, 33.91; H, 2.86; N, 14.20.

(16.11) 2-Amino-6-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄PS+HBr: C, 29.36; H, 3.01; N, 11.41. Found: C, 29.63; H, 3.02; N, 11.27.

(16.12) 2-Amino-5-bromo-6-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₉N₃O₄PSBr+0.8 HBr+0.2 MePh: C, 27.80; H, 2.56; N, 9.35. Found: C, 27.74; H, 2.40; N, 8.94.

(16.13) 2-Amino-(4-morpholino)-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Mp>230° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₄O₅P+HBr+0.05 MePh: C, 36.02; H, 4.01; N, 13.61. Found: C, 35.98; H, 4.04; N, 13.33.

(16.14) 6-Amino-4-chloro-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Mp>230° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₇N₃O₄PCl+0.5H₂O: C, 33.76; H, 2.83; N, 14.76. Found: C, 33.83; H, 2.54; N, 14.48.

Example 17 Preparation of 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazines and 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]triazines

Step A. The procedures described in Example 16 can also be applied to the synthesis of 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine and 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]triazine analogs and in some cases with minor modifications of these procedures using conventional chemistry methods. The following compounds were prepared accordingly:

(17.1) 2,5-Dimethyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. mp 212-213° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₄P+0.75HBr: C, 38.15; H, 3.76; N, 8.90. Found: C, 38.41; H, 3.93; N, 8.76.

(17.2) 2-Chloro-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. mp 204-205° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₆ClN₂O₄P+0.3HBr+0.02PhCH₃: C, 34.10; H, 2.27; N, 9.77. Found: C, 34.36; H, 2.07; N, 9.39.

(17.3) 2-Amino-3-propyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. mp 227-228° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄N₃O₄P+0.7HBr: C, 38.87; H, 4.36; N, 12.36. Found: C, 39.19; H, 4.36; N, 11.92.

(17.4) 2-Amino-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. mp 235-236° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈N₃O₄P+1.15H₂O+0.03PhCH₃; C, 37.26; H, 4.01; N, 15.88. Found: C, 37.09; H, 3.67; N, 15.51.

(17.5) 2-Amino-3-bromo-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₃O₄PBr+1HBr: C, 23.97; H, 2.01; N, 10.48. Found: C, 24.00; H, 2.00; N, 10.13.

(17.6) 3-Methylthio-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₄PS+0.3H₂O: C, 38.94; H, 3.49; N, 10.09. Found: C, 38.99; H, 3.11; N, 9.67.

(17.7) 6-Amino-3-methylthio-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄PS+1.5H₂O+1.7 HBr+0.25 MePh: C, 27.19; H, 3.54; N, 8.85. Found: C, 27.10; H, 3.85; N, 8.49.

(17.8) 6-Amino-5-methylthio-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄PS+1.1 HBr+0.05 MePh: C, 29.49; H, 3.04; N, 11.03. Found: C, 29.23; H, 2.79; N, 10.87.

(17.9) 6-Amino-5-methoxycarbonyl-3-chloro-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₉N₃O₆PCl+0.3 HBr+0.04 MePh: C, 34.15; H, 2.68; N, 11.62. Found: C, 34.20; H, 2.90; N, 11.21.

(17.10) 6-Amino-3-methylthio-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine ammonium salt. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₄O₄PS+0.8 HBr: C, 29.30; H, 3.77; N, 15.18. Found: C, 29.03; H, 3.88; N, 15.08.

(17.11) 2-Amino-4-phenyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]triazine. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₄O₄P+HBr 0.1 EtOAc: C, 39.45; H, 3.16; N, 13.73. Found: C, 39.77; H, 3.26; N, 13.48.

Example 18 Preparation of Analogs with X being Methoxycarbonyl, Methylthiocarbonyl, Methylaminocarbonyl and Methylcarbonylamino Preparations of 4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazoles and 4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazoles

Step A. A solution of 2-amino-4-ethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was treated with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.2 mmole), TMEDA (0.1 mmole) and DMAP (0.1 mmole) at room temperature. After the reaction was stirred for 20 h, it was evaporated to dryness. The residue was subjected to extraction to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-ethoxycarbonyl thiazole as a yellow solid.

Step B. A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-ethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) in a 2:1 mixture of EtOH:H₂O (10 mL) was treated with NaOH (3N, 3 mmole) and the reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 4 h. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and neutralized to pH 5 with 3 N HCl, and the resulting solid was collected via filtration to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-carboxylthiazole as a white solid.

Step C. A suspension of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-carboxylthiazole (1 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with thionyl chloride (4 mmole) at room temperature. After stirring for 4 h the reaction was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added to a solution of diethyl(hydroxymethyl)phosphonate (1.5 mmole) and pyridine (2 mmole) in CH₂Cl (5 mL) at 0° C. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with water and the mixture was subjected to extraction to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a thick yellow oil.

Alternatively the ester linkage can be formed using a mixed anhydride method as exemplified in the following procedures:

A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-carboxylthiazole (1 mmole) in pyridine (5 mL) was treated with para-toluenesulfonyl chloride (2 mmole) followed by diethyl (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate (2 mmole) at room temperature for 4 h. Evaporation, extraction and chromatography gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a thick yellow oil.

Step D. A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) and anisole (0.1 mmole) in methylene chloride (5 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and at room temperature for 1 h. Evaporation, extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-4-diethyllphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a solid.

Step E. 2-Amino-4-diethyllphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (18.1) as a solid. Mp>240° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₅H₇N₂O₅PS: C, 25.22; H, 2.96; N, 11.76. Found: C, 25.30; H, 2.86; N, 11.77.

Step F. A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with bromine (2 mmole) at room temperature for 4 h. Evaporation and extraction gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as an orange oil which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-bromo-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (18.2) as a solid. Mp>230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₅H₆N₂O₅PSBr: C, 18.94; H, 1.91; N, 8.84. Found: C, 19.08; H, 1.76; N, 8.67.

Step G. A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (0.1 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with tributyl(vinyl)tin (2.5 mmole) and the reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residue taken up in EtOAc and stirred with 2 mmol NaF in 5 ml water for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-vinyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a yellow solid.

Step H. A suspension of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-vinyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonyl thiazole (1 mmole) and 10% Pd/C (0.5 mmole) in MeOH (5 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ (balloon) at room temperature for 15 h. Filtration and evaporation gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-ethyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a yellow solid, which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-ethyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (18.3) as a solid. Mp>230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₁N₂O₅PS: 31.58; H, 4.16; N, 10.52. Found: C, 31.80; H, 4.04; N, 10.18.

Step I. A solution of N-[Bis(methylthio)methylene]glycine methyl ester (1 mmole) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added to a solution of t-BuOK (1.4 mmole) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) at −78° C. and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then a solution of ethyl isothiocyanate (1 mmole) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-methylthio-5-(N-ethylamino)-4-methoxycarbonylthiazole as a yellow solid, which was subjected to Step B and C of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-methylthio-5-(N-ethylamino)-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (18.4) as a solid. Mp>200° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₃N₂O₅PS₂+0.1 HBr: C, 29.99; H, 4.12; N, 8.74. Found: C, 29.71; H, 4.10; N, 8.60.

II. Preparation of 4-phosphonomethylthiocarbonylthiazole

Step J. A solution of 1 mmol of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-thiazolecarboxylate acid chloride (1 mmole) and pyridine (2 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and H₂S(g) was bubbled through the solution for 10 min. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and then warmed to room temperature. The mixture was washed with 3 N HCl. The organic phase was separated, dried and concentrated to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-thiazolethiocarboxylic acid as a yellow solid.

Step K. A solution of give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-thiazolethiocarboxylic acid (I mmole) in THF (5 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and treated with NaH (2 mmole) in small portions. After 10 min the reaction was treated with a solution of diethylphosphonomethyl triflate in THF (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, and then quenched with H₂O. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethylthiocarbonylthiazole as a thick oil, which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethylthiocarbonylthiazole (18.5) as a solid. Mp>230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₅H₇N₂O₄PS₂: C, 23.62; H, 2.78; N, 11.02. Found: C, 23.77; H, 2.61; N, 10.73.

Preparation of 4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole, 3-[N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]isothiazole and 2-[N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]pyridine

Step L. A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid (1 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI, 1.5 mmole) and 1-hydroxylbenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt, 1.5 mmole) followed by addition of diethyl aminomethylphosphonate (1.5 mmole) at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was subjected to evaporation, extraction and chromatography to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-[(N-diethylphosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole as a white solid, which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole (18.6) as a light brown solid. Mp>245° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₅H₈N₃O₄PS+1.05 HBr: C, 18.64; H, 2.83; N, 13.04. Found: C, 18.78; H, 2.43; N, 12.97.

Preparation of 2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]thiazole and 2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine

Step M. A solution of 2-amino-4,5-dimethylthiazole hydrochloride (2 mmole) and diethyl phosphonoacetica acid (1 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with EDCI (1.5 mmole), HOBt (1.5 mmole) and triethylamine (2 mmole) at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was subjected to evaporation, extraction and chromatography to give 2-[(N-diethylphosphonoacetyl)amino]-4,5-dimethylthiazole as a yellow solid, which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 4,5-dimethyl-2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]thiazole (18.7) as a light brown solid. Mp>250° C. Anal, Calcd. for C₇H₁₁N₂O₄PS: C, 33.60; H, 4.43; N, 11.20. Found: C, 33.62; H, 4.29; N, 10.99.

The following compounds were prepared using some of the above described procedures or some of the above procedures with some minor modifications using conventional chemistry:

(18.8) 2-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₉N₂O₄P+HBr+0.67H₂O: C, 27.20; H, 3.70; N, 9.06. Found: C, 27.02; H, 3.71; N, 8.92.

(18.9) 2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₉N₂O₄P+HBr+0.67H₂O: C, 27.20; H, 3.70; N, 9.06. Found: C, 27.05; H, 3.59; N, 8.86.

(18.10) 4-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₁N₂O₆PS: C, 32.66; H, 3.77; N, 9.52. Found: C, 32.83; H, 3.58; N, 9.20.

(18.11) 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp 232° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₅H₇N₃O₄PSBr+0.15HBr+0.1 hexane: C, 19.97; H, 2.56; N, 12.48. Found: C, 19.90; H, 2.29; N, 12.33.

(18.12) 2-Amino-5-(2-thienyl)-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp 245° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄PS₂+HBr+0.1 EtOAc: C, 27.60; H, 2.91; N, 10.27. Found: C, 27.20; H, 2.67; N, 9.98.

(18.13) 4,5-Dichloro-3-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]isothiazole. Mp 189-191° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₅H₅N₂O₄PSCl₂: C, 20.63; H, 1.73; N, 9.62. Found: C, 20.43; H, 1.54; N, 9.51.

(18.14) 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-{[N-(1-phosphono-1-phenyl)methyl]carbamoyl}thiazole. Mp>250° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₁N₃O₄PSBr: C, 33.69; H, 2.83; N, 10.71. Found: C, 33.85; H, 2.63; N, 10.85.

(18.15) 2-Amino-5-(2-thienyl)-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp>230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₅PS₂: C, 33.75; H, 2.83; N, 8.75. Found: C, 33.40; H, 2.74; N, 8.51.

(18.16) 2-Amino-5-benzyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp>230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃N₂O₅PS: C, 43.91; H, 3.99; N, 8.53. Found: C, 43.77; H, 4.03; N, 8.25.

(18.17) 2-Methylthio-5-methylamino-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₁N₂O₅PS₂+0.2 HBr: C, 26.74; H, 3.59; N, 8.91. Found: C, 26.79; H, 3.89; N, 8.89.

(18.18) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp 180° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₂N₃O₄PS+HBr+0.4 CH₂Cl₂: C, 23.49; H, 3.67; N, 11.18. Found: C, 23.73; H, 3.29; N, 11.42.

(18.19) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp 247-250° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₄N₃O₄PS: C, 34.41; H, 5.05; N, 15.05. Found: C, 34.46; H, 4.80; N, 14.68.

(18.20) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp>230° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₃N₂O₅PS: C, 34.29; H, 4.68; N, 10.00. Found: C, 33.97; H, 4.49; N, 9.70.

(18.21) 2-Amino-5-phenyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp>230° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₁N₂O₅PS: C, 42.04; H, 3.53; N, 8.91. Found: C, 42.04; H, 3.40; N, 8.72.

(18.22) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₅H₇N₂O₆P+0.09 HBr: C, 26.18; H, 3.12; N, 12.21. Found: C, 26.29; H, 3.04; N, 11.90.

(18.23) 2-Amino-6-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₀N₃O₄P+1.1 HBr+0.25 MeOH: C, 26.54; H, 3.72; N, 12.80. Found: C, 26.79; H, 3.63; N, 12.44.

(18.24) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp>250° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₆H₁₀N₃O₄PS+0.06 EtOAc: C, 29.22; H, 4.12; N, 16.38. Found: C, 29.03; H, 3.84; N, 16.01.

(18.25) 2-Amino-3-bromo-6-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₉N₃O₄PBr+1.25 HBr+0.8 EtOAc: C, 25.43; H, 3.48; N, 8.72. Found: C, 25.58; H, 3.71; N, 8.56.

(18.26) 2-Amino-3,5-dibromo-6-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₈N₃O₄PBr₂+HBr+0.5 EtOAc: C, 21.03; H, 2.55; N, 8.18. Found: C, 21.28; H, 2.55; N, 7.91.

(18.27) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₆H₉N₂O₅PS: C, 28.58; H, 3.60; N, 11.1. Found: C, 28.38; H, 3.49; N, 11.10.

(18.28) 2-Amino-3,5-diethyl-6-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. MS calcd. for C₁₁H₁₈N₃O₄P+H: 288, found 288.

(18.29) 2-Amino-3,5-dibromo-6-{[N-(2,2-dibromo-2-phosphono)acetyl]amino}pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₆N₃O₄PBr₄+0.5 HBr+EtOAc: C, 19.56; H, 2.16; N, 6.22. Found: C, 19.26; H, 2.29; N, 5.91.

(18.30) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₃N₂O₆P+0.2 HBr: C, 34.27; H, 4.75; N, 9.99. Found: C, 34.47; H, 4.84; N, 9.83.

(18.31) 2-Amino-5-[1-(2-cyclohexylmethyl)ethynyl]-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₅PS+0.1 HBr: C, 45.89; H, 5.25; N, 7.64. Found: C, 45.85; H, 4.96; N, 7.44.

(18.32) 2-Amino-5-[1-(4-cyano)butynyl]-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀N₃O₅PS+0.25 HBr: C, 35.80; H, 3.08; N, 12.53. Found: C, 35.92; H, 2.99; N, 12.20.

(18.33) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₆H₉N₂O₆P+0.15 HBr: C, 29.03; H, 3.71; N, 11.28. Found: C, 28.98; H, 3.66; N, 11.21,

(18.34) 2-Amino-5-[1-(4-cyano)butyl]-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₄N₃O₅PS: C, 37.62; H, 4.42; N, 13.16. Found: C, 37.23; H, 4.18; N, 12.79.

(18.35) 2-Amino-5-pentyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O₆P: C, 41.10; H, 5.86; N, 9.59. Found: C, 41.16; H, 5.75; N, 9.50.

(18.36) 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-[(2-phosphono)ethoxycarbonyl]thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₇N₂O₇PS: C, 37.50; H, 4.86; N, 7.95. Found: C, 37.10; H, 4.59; N, 7.84.

(18.37) 2-Amino-4-[(2-phosphono)ethoxycarbonyl]thiazole hydrobromide. Anal. Calcd. for C₆H₉N₂O₅PS+HBr: C, 21.63; H, 3.03; N, 8.41. Found: C, 22.01; H, 2.99; N, 8.15.

(18.38) 2-Amino-5-butyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₅N₂O₆P: C, 38.86; H, 5.43; N, 10.07. Found: C, 38.59; H, 5.43; N, 9.96.

(18.39) 2-Amino-5-[1-(1-oxo-2,2-dimethyl)propyl]-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₅N₂O₆PS: C, 37.27; H, 4.69; N, 8.69. Found: C, 37.03; H, 4.69; N, 8.39.

(18.40) 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₃N₂O₆P+0.35 EtOAc+0.05 HBr: C, 37.75; H, 5.34; N, 9.37. Found: C, 37.69; H, 5.21; N, 9.03.

(18.41) 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 134° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₃N₂O₅PS: C, 34.29; H, 4.68; N, 10.00. Found: C, 33.90; H, 4.30; N, 9.61.

(18.42) 2-Amino-5-pentyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 130° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O₅PS: C, 38.96; H, 5.56; N, 9.09. Found: C, 38.69; H, 5.25; N, 8.85.

(18.43) 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-phosphonomethylthiocarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₅H₆N₂O₅PS₂Br: C, 18.03; H, 1.82; N, 8.41. Found: C, 18.40; H, 1.93; N, 8.18.

(18.44) 2-Amino-5-(2-furanyl)-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₆PS: C, 35.53; H, 2.98; N, 9.21. Found: C, 35.78; H, 3.05; N, 8.11.

(18.45) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Mp 141° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₁N₂O₆P: C, 33.61; H, 4.43; N, 11.20. Found: C, 33.79; H, 4.47; N, 11.09.

(18.46) 5-Methyl-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]imidazole. Anal. calcd. for C₆H₁₀N₃O₄P: C, 32.89; H, 4.60; N, 19.18. Found; C, 33.04; H, 4.65; N, 18.84.

Example 19 Preparation of Various Phosphonate Diesters as Prodrugs

A suspension of 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in thionyl chloride (5 mL) was warmed at reflux for 4 h. The cooled reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the resulting yellow residue was dissolved in methylene chloride and treated with a solution of the corresponding benzyl alcohol (4 mmole) and pyridine (2.5 mmole) in methylene chloride. After stirring at 25° C. for 24 h the reaction mixture was subjected to extraction and chromatography to give the titled compounds. The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

(19.1) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(4-pivaloyloxybenzyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₄NO₈PS+0.4H₂O: C, 62.76; H, 6.55; N, 2.03. Found: C, 62.45; H, 6.44; N, 2.04.

(19.2) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(3,4-diacetoxybenzyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₄H₃₆NO₁₂PS+0.8H₂O: C, 56.09; H, 5.21; N, 1.92. Found: C, 55.90; H, 4.98; N, 1.94.

(19.3) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(4-acetoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₆NO₁₀PS: C, 58.44; H, 5.52; N, 2.13. Found: C, 58.16; H, 5.34; N, 2.13.

(19.4) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(4-acetoxy-3-methylbenzyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₆NO₈PS: C, 61.43; H, 5.80; N, 2.24. Found: C, 61.34; H, 5.89; N, 2.25.

(19.5) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(3,4-diacetoxybenzyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₅N₂O₁₂PS: C, 55.46; H, 4.94; N, 3.92. Found: C, 55.06; H, 4.96; N, 3.79.

(19.6) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(4-acetoxybenzyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₉H₃₁N₂O₈PS: C, 58.19; H, 5.22; N, 4.68. Found: C, 57.82; H, 4.83; N, 4.50.

This method is also useful for the preparation of phenyl phosphonate esters as prodrugs, and the following compound was prepared:

(19.7) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diphenylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₂₄NO₄PS+0.1H₂O: C, 63.31; H, 5.36; N, 3.08. Found: C, 63.22; H, 5.34; N, 3.14.

(19.63) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diphenylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 128-129 0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₃H₂₃N₂O₄PS: C, 60.78; H, 5.10; N, 6.16. Found: C, 60.68; H, 4.83; N, 6.17.

(19.64) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phenylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp>250 0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇H₁₉N₂O₄PS: C, 53.96; H, 5.06; N, 7.40. Found: C, 53.81; H, 4.87; N, 7.41.

(19.65) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-bis(3-chlorophenyl)phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₂₇N₂O₄PSCl₂+0.5H₂O: C, 51.89; H, 4.17; N, 5.26. Found C, 51.55; H, 3.99; N, 5.22.

(19.67) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. Calc. for C₂₅H₂₇N₂O₆PS+0.5H₂O: C, 57.35; H, 5.39; N, 5.35. Found C, 57.11; H, 5.36; N, 5.75.

This method is also useful for the preparation of some thio-containing phosphonate esters as prodrugs, and the following compounds were prepared:

(19.8) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(2-methylcarbonylthioethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₈NO₆PS₃: C, 47.51; H, 5.58; N, 2.77. Found: C, 47.32; H, 5.56; N, 2.77.

(19.9) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(thiobenzoyltmethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₈H₂₈NO₆PS₃: C, 55.89; H, 4.69; N, 2.33. Found: C, 55.73; H, 4.72; N, 2.28.

This method is also useful for the preparation of cyclic phosphonate esters (e.g. cyclic 1,3-propanediol phosphonate esters) as prodrugs by coupling of phosphonic acids with various diols (e.g. 1,3-propanediols see Example 21 for the synthesis of some 1,3-propanediols), and the following compounds were made:

(19.10) 5-Isobutyl-2-methyl-4-{2-[5-(1-hydroxy-3,5-cyclohexyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole (minor isomer). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₂₄NO₅PS+0.33H₂O: C, 53.60; H, 6.16; N, 3.47. Found: C, 53.75; H, 6.53; N, 3.45.

(19.11) 5-Isobutyl-2-methyl-4-{2-[5-(1-hydroxy-3,5-cyclohexyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole (major isomer). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₂₄NO₅PS: C, 54.40; H, 6.09; N, 3.52. Found: C, 54.44; H, 6.11; N, 3.63.

(19.12) 5-Isobutyl-2-methyl-4-{2-[5-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₆H₂₂NO₅PS+0.3CH₂Cl₂ T 0.5H₂O: C, 48.24; H, 5.86; N, 3.45. Found: C, 47.94; H, 5.59; N, 3.57.

(19.13) 5-Isobutyl-2-methyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, (minor isomer). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₄NO₄PS+0.25H₂O: C, 59.77; H, 5.85; N, 3.32. Found: C, 59.76; H, 5.69; N, 3.38.

(19.14) 5-Isobutyl-2-methyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, (major isomer). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₄NO₄PS+0.5H₂O: C, 59.14; H, 5.91; N, 3.28. Found: C, 59.27; H, 5.85; N, 3.38.

(19.15) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-[2-(methoxycarbonyloxymethyl)-propan-1,3-yl]phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (minor isomer). mp 170-173° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇H₂₃N₂O₇PS: C, 47.44; H, 5.39; N, 6.51. Found: C, 47.28; H, 5.27; N, 6.47.

(19.16) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-[2-(methoxycarbonyloxymethyl)-propan-1,3-yl]phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (major isomer). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇H₂₃N₂O₇PS+0.5H₂O: C, 46.47; H, 5.51; N, 6.38. Found: C, 46.38; H, 5.29; N, 6.20.

(19.17) 5-Isobutyl-2-methyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-pyridyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}-thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₃N₂O₄PS+2H₂O+0.4CH₂Cl₂: C, 50.16; H, 5.74; N, 5.74. Found: C, 50.36; H, 5.36; N, 5.80.

(19.18) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-(2-{5-[1-(4-pyridyl)-propan-1,3-yl]phosphono}furanyl)thiazole. mp 101-106° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₉H₂₂N₃O₄PS+0.75H₂O: C, 52.71; H, 5.47; N, 9.71. Found: C, 52.59; H, 5.49; N, 9.65.

(19.20) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole (minor isomer). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₃N₂O₄PS+0.33HCl: C, 55.80; H, 5.46; N, 6.51. Found: C, 55.95; H, 5.36; N, 6.46.

(19.21) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole (major isomer). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₃N₂O₄PS+0.33HCl: C, 55.80; H, 5.46; N, 6.51. Found: C, 55.77; H, 5.19; N, 6.44.

(19.22) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole (less polar isomer). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₁₉N₂O₄PS+0.2HCl+0.25H₂O: C, 53.75; H, 4.94; N, 6.97. Found: C, 53.86; H, 4.70; N, 6.87.

(19.23) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}-thiazole (more polar isomer). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₁₉N₂O₄PS+0.2HCl+0.25H₂O: C, 53.75; H, 4.94; N, 6.97. Found: C, 53.92; H, 4.82; N, 6.92.

(19.24) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-pyridyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇H₁₈N₃O₄PS+0.1HCl+0.5H₂O: C, 50.54; H, 4.76; N, 10.40. Found: C, 50.38; H, 4.53; N, 10.25.

(19.25) 2-Methyl-4-{2-[5-(2-acetoxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₄H₁₆NO₆PS+0.5H₂O: C, 45.90; H, 4.68; N, 3.82. Found C, 45.50; H, 4.55; N, 3.45.

(19.26) 2-Methyl-4-(2-{5-[1-(4-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diyl]phosphono}furanyl)thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₆H₁₅N₂O₄PS+0.75H₂O: C, 51.13; H, 4.42; N, 7.45. Found: C, 50.86; H, 4.72; N, 7.11.

(19.27) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-(2-{5-[1-(4-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diyl]phosphono}furanyl)thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₆H₁₆N₃O₄PS₂+0.4HCl: C, 45.32; H, 3.90; N, 9.91. Found: C, 45.29; H, 3.80; N, 9.83.

(19.28) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3-bromophenyl)propan-1,3-diyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₂₂N₂O₄PBrS: C, 48.30; H, 4.46; N, 5.63. Found: C, 48.51; H, 4.21; N, 5.33.

(19.29) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-{2-[5-(1-(R)-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇H₁₇N₂O₄PS+HCl: C, 49.46; H, 4.39; N, 6.79. Found: C, 49.77; H, 4.13; N, 6.54.

(19.30) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₂N₁NO₄PSBr 0.25HCl: C, 47.43; H, 4.43; N, 5.53. Found: C, 47.58; H, 4.16; N, 5.31.

(19.31) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(2-benzyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₅N₂O₄PS: C, 58.32; H, 5.83; N, 6.48. Found: C, 57.98; H, 5.65; N, 6.47.

(19.32) 2-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-pyridyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₁₈N₃O₄PS+0.5H₂O: C, 52.42; H, 4.64; N, 10.19. Found: C, 52.62; H, 4.51; N, 9.89.

(19.33) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(S)-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₄NO₄PS: C, 60.42; H, 5.79; N, 3.36. Found: C, 60.10; H, 5.58; N, 3.32.

(19.34) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(S)-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₄NO₄PS+0.33H₂O: C, 59.57; H, 5.87; N, 3.31. Found: C, 59.45; H, 5.83; N, 3.30.

(19.35) 2-Azido-5-ethyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₁₇N₄O₄PS+0.25H₂O+0.1 isoamyl alcohol (C₅H₁₂O): C, 51.71; H, 4.39; N, 13.04. Found: C, 51.80; H, 4.20; N, 12.78.

(19.36) 2-Azido-5-ethyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₁₇N₄O₄PS+0.15 isoamyl alcohol (C₅H₁₂O): C, 52.42; H, 4.41; N, 13.04. Found: C, 52.27; H, 4.47; N, 12.76.

(19.37) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(1-naphthyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₂₅N₂O₄PS: C, 61.53; H, 5.38; N, 5.98. Found: C, 61.40; H, 5.12; N, 6.11.

(19.38) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(2-bromophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₂N₂O₄PSBr+0.1C₅H₅N: C, 48.73; H, 4.49; N, 5.82. Found: C, 48.63; H, 4.26; N, 5.70.

(19.39) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₂N₂O₄PSBr: C, 48.30; H, 4.46; N, 5.63. Found: C, 48.23; H, 4.30; N, 5.77.

(19.40) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₂N₂O₄PSBr: C, 48.30; H, 4.46; N, 5.63. Found: C, 48.20; H, 4.63; N, 5.41.

(19.41) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-fluoro-3-bromophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₂O₄PSBrF+0.1C₅H₅N: C, 47.06; H, 4.14; N, 5.62. Found: C, 47.00; H, 3.84; N, 5.48.

(19.42) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-fluoro-3-bromophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₂O₄PSBrF: C, 46.61; H, 4.11; N, 5.44; P, 6.01. Found: C, 46.81; H, 4.23; N, 5.65; P, 5.65.

(19.43) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₄PSF₃+0.1H₂O: C, 51.66; H, 4.58; N, 5.74. Found: C, 51.54; H, 4.28; N, 5.46.

(19.44) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₄PSF₃+0.1H₂O: C, 51.66; H, 4.58; N, 5.74. Found: C, 51.48; H, 4.62; N, 5.81.

(19.45) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₂N₂O₄PSCl+0.5H₂O: C, 52.01; H, 5.02; N, 6.06. Found: C, 52.10; H, 4.92; N, 5.82.

(19.46) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₂N₂O₄PSCl+0.25H₂O: C, 52.52; H, 4.96; N, 6.12. Found: C, 52.70; H, 4.79; N, 5.91.

(19.47) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₂O₄PSCl₂: C, 49.29; H, 4.34; N, 5.75. Found: C, 49.47; H, 4.60; N, 5.89.

(19.48) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₂O₄PSCl₂: C, 49.29; H, 4.34; N, 5.75; Cl, 14.55. Found: C, 49.26; H, 4.36; N, 5.71; Cl, 14.66.

(19.49) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Mp 185-188° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₂₇N₂O₅PS: C, 57.13; H, 5.88; N, 6.06. Found: C, 56.86; H, 5.71; N, 5.73.

(19.50) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(2-methanesulfonyloxymethyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₆H₂₃N₂O₇PS₂+0.2H₂O: C, 42.32; H, 5.19; N, 6.17. Found: C, 42.15; H, 4.94; N, 5.95.

(19.51) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(2-azidomethyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Mp 187-189° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₂₀N₅O₄PS: C, 45.34; H, 5.07; N, 17.62. Found: C, 45.09; H, 4.82; N, 17.72.

(19.52) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(2-aminomethyl-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₂₂N₃O₄PS+0.3H₂O+0.1HCl: C, 47.36; H, 6.01; N, 11.04. Found: C, 47.55; H, 5.62; N, 10.64.

(19.53) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Mp 141-143° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₃₁N₂O₄PS+1.5HCl: C, 54.47; H, 6.19; N, 5.29. Found: C, 54.44; H, 5.85; N, 4.92.

(19.54) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Mp 178° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₃₁N₂O₄PS+H₂O: C, 58.52; H, 6.75; N, 5.69. Found: C, 58.20; H, 6.31; N, 5.29.

(19.55) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Mp 102-104° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₂NO₄PSCl+H₂O+0.2EtOAc: C, 51.14; H, 5.28; N, 5.73. Found: C, 50.86; H, 5.09; N, 5.34.

(19.56) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Mp 173-174° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁NO₄PSCl₂: C, 49.29; H, 4.34; N, 5.75. Found: C, 49.55; H, 4.32; N, 5.46.

(19.57) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1,3-(S,S)-diphenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Mp 105-107° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₆H₂₇N₂O₄PS+0.5H₂O₄+0.5HCl: C, 59.85; H, 5.51; N, 5.37. Found: C, 59.83; H, 5.18; N, 5.27.

(19.58) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Mp 102-104° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₂N₂O₄PSCl: C, 53.04; H, 4.90; N, 6.19. Found: C, 52.80; H, 4.70; N, 6.07.

(19.59) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Mp 152-154° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₂O₄PSF₂+0.5H₂O+0.3 EtOAc: C, 51.98; H, 5.02; N, 5.72. Found: C, 51.67; H, 4.77; N, 5.42.

(19.60) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Mp 94-95° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₂O₄PSF₂: C, 52.86; H, 4.66; N, 6.16. Found: C, 52.68; H, 4.73; N, 5.90.

(19.61) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3,5-dibromophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Mp 113-115° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₂O₄PSBr, +0.3 EtOAc: C, 42.25; H, 3.91; N, 4.65. Found: C, 42.52; H, 3.91; N, 4.96.

(19.62) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3,5-dibromophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. Mp 209-210° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₁NO₄PSBr₂: C, 41.69; H, 3.67; N, 4.86. Found: C, 41.93; H, 3.71; N, 4.74.

(19.66) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3-pyridyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole dihydrochloride. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₉H₂₂N₃O₄PS+2HCl+2H₂O: C, 43.19; H, 5.34; N, 7.95. Found: C, 43.10; H, 5.25; N, 7.85.

(19.68) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-oxo-1-phospha-2,5,8-trioxa-3,4-benzo)cyclooctan-1-yl]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₉H₂₁N₂O₅PS+0.75H₂O: C, 52.59; H, 5.23; N, 6.46. Found: C, 52.38; H, 4.85; N, 6.08.

Preferably the cyclic 1,3-propanediol phosphonate esters were prepared using 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) coupling reaction conditions as following.

A suspension of 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in DMF:pyridine (5:1, 10 mL) was treated with DCC (2 mmole) followed by 3-(3,5-dichloro)phenyl-1,3-propanediol (1.1 mmole). The resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for 8 h. Evaporation followed by column chromatography gave 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer.

(19.48) as a solid.

This method is also useful for the preparation of (5-substituted 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl and (5-substituted 2-thiocarbonyl-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl phosphonate prodrugs by coupling of phosphonic acids with 5-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene and 5-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-thiocarbonyl-1,3-dioxolene (prepared from 4,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene as described in Example 23). The following compound was made using this method.

(19.19) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(bis(5-methyl-2-thioxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₂₄NO₈PS₃: C, 47.39; H, 4.34; N, 2.51. Found: C, 47.42; H, 4.30; N, 2.52.

Alternatively, these compounds can be prepared according to reported procedures (Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1984, 32(6), 2241) by reaction of phosphonic acids with 5-methyl-4-bromomethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene in DMF in the presence of sodium hydride at 25° C.

2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(3-phthalidyl-2-ethyl)phosphono]furanyl}-thiazole is also prepared following the above described procedures using 2-(3-phthalidyl)ethanol which was prepared from phthalide-3-acetic acid in Example 22.

Example 20 Preparation of Acyloxyalkyl and Alkyloxycarbonyloxyalkyl Phosphonate Diesters as Prodrugs

A solution of 2-methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in acetonitrile and N,N,N-diisopropylethylamine (5 mmole) was treated with pivaloyloxymethyl iodide (4 mmole) at 0° C. for 24 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-methyl-4-[2-(5-dipivaloyloxymethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole (20.1). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₈NO₈PS: C, 50.59; H, 6.03; N, 2.65. Found: C, 50.73; H, 5.96; N, 2.96.

The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

(20.2) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-isobutyryloxymethyl-O-pivaloyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₃H₃₄NO₈PS: C, 53.58; H, 6.65; N, 2.72. Found: C, 53.81; H, 6.83; N, 2.60.

(20.3) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(dipivaloyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₃₆NO₈PS: C, 54.43; H, 6.85; N, 2.64. Found: C, 54.46; H, 7.04; N, 2.55.

(20.4) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(dipivaloyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₃H₃₅N₂O₈PS: C, 52.07; H, 6.65; N, 5.28. Found: C, 52.45; H, 6.78; N, 5.01.

(20.5) 2-Bromo-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(dipivaloyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₃H₃₃NO₈PSBr: C, 47.00; H, 5.75; N, 2.32. Found: C, 47.18; H, 5.46; N, 2.30.

The cyclic acyloxyalkyl phosphonate esters can also be prepared in a similar manner according to Farquhar's procedure (Farquhar, D. et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 655).

(20.13) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-benzoyloxypropane-1,3-diyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, more polar isomer. MS calcd for C₂₁H₂₃N₂O₆PS+H, 463, found 463.

(20.14) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-benzoyloxypropane-1,3-diyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole, less polar isomer. MS calcd for C₂₁H₂₃N₂O₆PS+H: 463, found 463.

Alkyloxycarbonyloxyalkyl phosphonate esters were also prepared according to the above procedures with slight modifications described below:

A solution of 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with N,N′-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine (5 mmole) and ethylpropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl iodide (5 mmole) which was prepared from chloromethyl chloroformate according to the reported procedure (Nishimura et al. J. Antibiotics, 1987, 40(1), 81-90). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 24 h, and evaporation followed by chromatography gave 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{-2-[5-bis(ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole (20.6). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₂₈NO₁₀PS: C, 47.52; H, 5.58; N, 2.77. Found: C, 47.52; H, 5.67; N, 2.80.

The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

(20.7) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{-2-[5-bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₃₂NO₁₀PS: C, 49.53; H, 6.05; N, 2.63. Found: C, 49.58; H, 6.14; N, 2.75.

(20.8) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{-2-[5-bis(phenoxycarbonyloxy-methyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₇H₂₇N₂O₁₀PS: C, 53.82; H, 4.52; N, 4.65. Found: C, 54.03; H, 4.16; N, 4.30.

(20.9) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{-2-[5-bis(ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₉H₂₇N₂O₁₀PS: C, 45.06; H, 5.37; N, 5.53. Found: C, 45.11; H, 5.30; N, 5.43.

(20.10) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{-2-[5-bis(isopropylthiocarbonyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₃₂NO₈PS₃+0.2 EtOAc: C, 46.95; H, 5.81; N, 2.40. Found: C, 47.06; H, 5.86; N, 2.73.

(20.11) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₁N₂O₁₀PS: C, 47.19; H, 5.85; N, 5.24. Found: C, 47.33; H, 5.66; N, 5.57.

(20.12) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(benzoyloxymethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₈H₂₈NO₈PS+0.2CH₂Cl₂: C, 59.31; H, 5.40; N, 2.64. Found: C, 59.25; H, 5.27; N, 2.44.

(20.15) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(1-(1-ethoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole. Mp 76-78° C. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₁N₂O₁PS: C, 47.19; H, 5.85; N, 5.42. Found C, 48.06; H, 5.80; N, 5.16.

2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(3-(5,6,7-trimethoxy)phthalidyl)phosphono]furanyl}thiazole is also synthesized following this procedure using 3-bromo-5,6,7-trimethoxyphthalide as the alkylating reagent.

Example 21 Preparation of 3-(2-pyridyl)propan-1,3-diol

Step A. (J. Org. Chem., 1957, 22, 589) A solution of 3-(2-pyridyl)propanol in acetic acid was treated with 30% hydrogen peroxide at 80° C. for 16 h. The reaction was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in acetic anhydride and heated at 110° C. for 12 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,3-propanediol diacetate.

Step B. A solution of 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,3-propanediol diacetate (1 mmole) in methanol-water (3:1) was treated with potassium carbonate (5 mmole) at 25° C. for 3 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,3-propanediol as a solid.

Example 22 Preparation of 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)phthalide

A solution of phthalide-3-acetic acid (1 mmole) in THF was treated with borane dimethylsulfide (1.5 mmole) at 0° C. for 1 h, and at 25° C. for 24 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-(3-phthalidyl)ethanol as a light yellow oil: Rf=0.25, 50% EtOAc—hexane.

Example 23 Preparation of 5-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene

A solution of 4,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene (1 mmole) and selenium dioxide (2.5 mmole) in dioxane was heated at reflux for 1 h. Evaporation, extraction and chromatography gave 5-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene as a yellow oil, TLC: Rf=0.5, 5% MeOH-dichloromethane.

A solution of 5-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with tert-butyldimethylsilane (1.2 mmole) and imidazole (2.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 24 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 5-methyl-4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene.

A solution of 5-methyl-4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene (1 mmole) and Lawesson's reagent (1.2 mmole) in toluene was heated to 120° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 5-methyl-4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-2-thio-1,3-dioxolene.

A solution of 5-methyl-4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-2-thio-1,3-dioxolene in methanolic hydrogen chloride was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 5-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-thio-1,3-dioxolene.

Example 24 Preparation of Hydroxyethyldisulfidylethylphosphonate Diester

A suspension of 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in thionyl chloride (5 mL) is warmed at reflux for 4 h. The cooled reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness and the resulting yellow residue is treated with a solution of 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide (4 mmole), pyridine (2.5 mmole) in methylene chloride. After stirring at 25° C. for 4 h. the reaction is subjected to extraction and chromatography to give two compounds: 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(6′-hydroxy-3′,4′-disulfide)hexylphosphono]furanyl}thiazole and 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(3′,4′-disulfide)nonacyclicphosphono]-furanyl}thiazole.

Example 25 Preparation of 3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazoles

Step A. A solution of diethyl 5-(2-isobutyl-3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole, prepared according to Step A of Example 17) in ethanol was treated with hydrazine (1.2 mmole) 80° C. for 12 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole.

Step B. 4-Isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazole (25.1). mp 210-215° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄P: C, 48.89; H, 5.60; N, 10.37. Found: C, 48.67; H, 5.55; N, 10.20,

Step C. 4-Isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole was subjected to Step A of Example 11 to give 1-methyl-4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole.

Step D. 1-Methyl-4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 1-methyl-4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazole (25.2). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₄P 0.85HBr+0.75H₂O: C, 39.32; H, 5.32; N, 7.64. Found: C, 39.59; H, 5.30; N, 7.47.

Example 26 Preparation of 3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazoles

Step A. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with hydroxylamine (1.1 mmole) and sodium acetate (2.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde oxime.

Step B. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde oxime (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with N-chlorosuccinimide (1.1 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction gave 5-diethylphosphono-2-chlorooximidofuran.

Step C. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-chlorooximidofuran (1 mmole) and ethyl propiolate (5 mmole) in diethyl ether was treated with trimethylamine (2 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-{2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]isoxazole.

Step D. 5-Ethoxycarbonyl-3-{2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]isoxazole was subjected to Step A of Example 9 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 5-carbamoyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole (26.1). mp 221-225° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₆P+0.25EtOH: C, 37.86; H, 3.18; N, 10.39. Found: C, 37.90; H, 3.02; N, 10.05.

The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

(26.2) 5-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. mp 150-152° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂NO₇P+0.25H₂O+0.15HBr: C, 41.57; H, 4.01; N, 4.41. Found: C, 41.57; H, 4.20; N, 4.54.

(26.3) 4,5-Bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₃H₁₄NO₉P: C, 43.47; H, 3.93; N, 3.90. Found: C, 43.26; H, 3.92; N, 3.97.

(26.4) 5-Amino-4-ethoxycarbonyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. mp 190° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₇P+0.25HBr: C, 37.25; H, 3.52; N, 8.69. Found: C, 37.56; H, 3.50; N, 8.85.

(26.5) 4,5-bis(carbamoyl)-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. mp>220° C. Anal. calcd for C₉H₈N₃O₇P: C, 35.90; H, 2.68; N, 13.95. Found: C, 35.67; H, 2.55; N, 13.62.

(26.6) 4-Ethoxycarbonyl-5-trifluoromethyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₉F₃NO₇P+0.25HBr: C, 35.20; H, 2.48; N, 3.73. Found: C, 35.25; H, 2.34; N, 3.98.

(26.7) 5-Amino-4-(2-furyl)-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. mp>220° C. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₉N₂O₇P+0.1AcOEt: C, 44.73; H, 2.97; N, 8.41. Found: C, 45.10; H, 2.58; N, 8.73.

(26.8) 4-Amino-5-cyano-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. Anal. calcd for C₈H₆N₃O₅P+0.1H₂O T 0.2HBr: C, 35.18; H, 2.36; N, 15.39. Found: C, 35.34; H, 2.50; N, 15.08.

(26.9) 4-Cyano-5-phenyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₄H₉N₂O₅P+0.15HBr: C, 51.21; H, 2.81; N, 8.53. Found: C, 51.24; H, 3.09; N, 8.33.

Example 27 Preparation of 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles

Step A. Diethyl 5-tributylstannyl-2-furanphosphonate (14) and 2-bromo-4-ethoxycarbonylthiazole was subjected to Step A of Example 6 to give 4-ethoxycarbonyl-2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

Step B. 4-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step A of Example 9 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 4-carbamoyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (27.1). mp 239-240° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₅PS+0.2H₂O: C, 34.59; H, 2.68; N, 10.08. Found: C, 34.65; H, 2.69; N, 9.84.

Example 28 Preparation of 4-(3,3-difluoro-3-phosphono-1-propyl)thiazoles

Step A. A solution of 3-(tert-butyl-diphenylsilyloxy)-1-propanol (1 mmole) in methylene chloride (7 mL) was treated with powder molecular sieves (4 A, 0.5 equiv. wt/wt) and pyridinium chlorochromate (1.5 mmole) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, and diluted with diethyl ether (7 mL) and stirred at room temperature for another 30 min. Filtration, evaporation and chromatography gave 3-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-1-propanal as a clear oil.

Step B. A solution of LDA (1.06 mmole) in THF was treated with a solution of diethyl difluoromethylphosphonate (1 mmole) at −78° C. for 45 min. The reaction was then treated with a THF solution of 3-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-1-propanal (1.07 mmole) and the resulting solution was stirred at −78° C. for another 4 h. The reaction was quenched with phenyl chlorothioformate (2.14 mmole), and the reaction mixture was subjected to extraction and chromatography to give diethyl 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-3-phenoxythiocarbonyloxy-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate as a clear oil.

Step C. A solution of diethyl 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-3-phenoxythiocarbonyloxy-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate (1 mmole) in toluene (11 mL) was treated with tri-n-butyltin hydride (1.5 mmole) and AIBN (0.1 mmole), and the resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave diethyl 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate as a clear oil.

Step D. A solution of diethyl 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate (1 mmole) in methanol (1 mL) was treated with hydrochloric acid (4 N, 4 mmole) at 0° C., and the resulting reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave diethyl 4-hydroxy-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate as a clear oil.

Step E. A solution of gave diethyl 4-hydroxy-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate (1 mmole) in acetone (10 mL) was treated with Jones's reagent (10 mmole) at 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with 2-propanol (10 mL), and the resulting mixture was filtered through a Celite pad. Evaporation of the filtrate followed by extraction gave diethyl 3-carboxyl-2,3-difluoropropylphosphonate as an oil.

Step F. A solution of diethyl 3-carboxyl-2,3-difluoropropylphosphonate (1 mmole) in thionyl chloride (3 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in diethyl ether (1 mL) was treated with an etheral solution of diazomethane (10 mmole) at 0° C. for 30 min. A solution of HBr in acetic acid (30%, 1 mL) was added to the reaction, and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in THF-EtOH (1:1, 5 mL) and treated with thiourea (1 mmole). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 75° C. for 1 h. Evaporation followed by extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-4-[1-(3-diethylphosphono-3,3-difluoro)propyl]thiazole as a solid, which was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give gave 2-amino-4-[1-(3-phosphono-3,3-difluoro)propyl]thiazole (28.1) as a solid. Anal. Calcd. for C₆H₉N₂O₃PSF₂+HBr: C, 21.25; H, 2.97; N, 8.26. Found: C, 21.24; H, 3.25; N, 8.21.

The following compound was prepared in a similar manner:

2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[1-(3-phosphono-3,3-difluoro)propyl]thiazole (28.2). MS m/e 305 (M+H).

Example 29 Preparation of 2-methylthio-5-phosphonomethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2-phosphonomethylthiopyridine

Step A. A solution of 2-methylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thiol (1 mmole) in THF (5 mL) was treated with sodium hydride (60%, 1.1 mmole) at 0° C. and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The reaction was then cooled to 0° C. and treated with diethylphosphonomethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.1 mmole). After stirring at room temperature for 12 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-methylthio-5-diethylphosphonomethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole as an oil.

Step B. 2-Methylthio-5-diethylphosphonomethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-methylthio-5-phosphonomethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole (29.1) as a yellow solid. Anal. Calcd. for C₄H₇N₂O₃PS₃+0.2 HBr: C, 17.50; H, 2.64; N, 10.21. Found: C, 17.64; H, 2.56; N, 10.00. Alternatively, phosphonomethylthio substituted heteroaromatics are made using the following method as exemplified by the synthesis of 2-phosphonomethylthiopyridine:

Step C. A solution of 2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide (1 mmole) in THF was treated with tri-n-butylphosphine (1 mmole) and diethyl hydroxymethylphosphonate at 0° C. The resulting reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-diethylphosphonomethylthiopyridine as a yellow oil.

Step D. 2-Diethylphosphonomethylthiopyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-phosphonomethylthiopyridine (29.2) as a yellow solid. Anal. Calcd. for C₆H₈NO₃PS+0.62 HBr: C, 28.22; H, 3.40; N, 5.49. Found: C, 28.48; H, 3.75; N, 5.14.

Example 30 Preparation of 2-[(2-phosphono)ethynyl]pyridine

Step A. A solution of 2-ethynylpyridine (1 mmole) in THF (5 mL) was treated with LDA (1.2 mmole) at 0° C. for 40 min. Diethyl chlorophosphate (1.2 mmole) was added to the reaction and the resulting reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride followed by extraction and chromatography to give 2-[(2-diethylphosphono)ethynyl]pyridine as a yellow oil.

Step B. 2-[(2-Diethylphosphono)ethynyl]pyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-[1-(2-phosphono)ethynyl]pyridine (30.1) as a brown solid. Mp 160° C. (decomp). MS m/e 184 (M+H).

Example 31 A. Preparation of Various Phosphoramides as Prodrugs

Step A. A solution of 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole dichloridate (generated as in Example 19) (1 mmole) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with a solution of benzyl alcohol (0.9 mmole) in dichloromethane (0.5 mL) and pyridine (0.3 mL). The resulting reaction solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and then added a solution of ammonia (excess) in THF. After stirring at room temperature for 16 h, the reaction was evaporated to dryness and the residue was purified by chromatography to give 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphonomonoamido)furanyl]thiazole (31.1) as a yellow hard gum and 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphorodiamido)furanyl]thiazole (31.2) as a yellow hard gum.

(31.1) 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphonomonoamido)furanyl]thiazole: MS m/e 299 (M−H).

(31.2) 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphorodiamido)furanyl]thiazole: MS m/e 298 (M−H).

Alternatively, a different method was used to prepare other phosphoramides as exemplified in the following procedure:

Step B. A suspension of 2-amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole dichloridate (generated as in Example 19) (1 mmole) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and ammonia (excess) was bubbled through the reaction for 10 min. After stirring at room temperature for 16 h, the reaction was evaporated to dryness and the residue was purified by chromatography to give 2-amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphorodiamido)furanyl]thiazole (31.3) as a foam. Anal. Calcd for C₈H₁₁N₄O₂PS₂+1.5HCl+0.2 EtOH: C, 28.48; H, 3.90; N, 15.82. Found: C, 28.32; H, 3.76; N, 14.21.

The following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures or in some cases with minor modifications of these procedures:

(31.4) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphonomonoamido)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 77-81° C. Anal. Calcd for C₁₁H₁₆N₃O₃PS+H₂O+0.8 Et₃N: C, 47.41; H, 7.55; N, 13.30. Found: C, 47.04; H, 7.55; N, 13.67.

(31.5) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphorodiamido)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. Calcd for C₁₁H₁₇N₄O₂PS+0.5H₂O+0.75HCl: C, 39.24; H, 5.61; N, 16.64. Found: C, 39.05; H, 5.43; N, 15.82.

(31.28) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-diisobutyl)phosphoroadiamido]furanyl}-thiazole. Mp 182-183° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₉H₃₃N₄O₂PS: C, 55.32; H, 8.06; N, 13.58. Found: C, 54.93; H, 7.75; N, 13.20.

(31.29) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-(1,3-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-propyl)phosphoro)diamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd for C₂₉H₄₅N₄O₁₀PS: C, 51.78; H, 6.74; N, 8.33. Found: C, 51.70; H, 6.64; N, 8.15.

(31.30) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-(1-benzyloxycarbonyl)-1-ethyl)phosphorodiamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₇N₄O₆PS: C, 59.60; H, 5.97; N, 8.97. Found C, 59.27; H, 5.63; N, 8.74.

(31.31) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-bis(2-methoxycarbonyl-1-azirdinyl)phosphorodiamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₂₀N₄O₆PS+0.3CH₂Cl₂: C, 46.93; H, 5.22; N, 11.34. Found: C, 58.20; H, 5.26; N, 9.25.

(31.39) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)propyl)phosphorodiamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. Calcd for C₂₁H₃₇N₄O₆PS+0.6EtOAc+0.1 CH₂Cl₂: C, 51.91; H, 7.18; N, 9.50. Found: C, 51.78; H, 7.17; N, 9.26.

The monophenyl-monophosphonamide derivatives of compounds of formula I can also be prepared according to the above described procedures:

Step C. A solution of 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diphenylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (prepared according to the procedures of Example 19) (1 mmole) in acetonitrile (9 mL) and water (4 mL) was treated with lithium hydroxide (1N, 1.5 mmole) at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction solution was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in water (10 mL), cooled to 0° C. and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 4 by addition of 6 N HCl. The resulting white solid was collected through filtration to give 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phenylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (19.64).

Step D. A suspension of 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phenylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in thionyl chloride (3 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction solution was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (2 mL) and the resulting solution was added to a solution of L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride (1.2 mmole) in pyridine (0.8 mL) and dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0° C. The resulting reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 14 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-(1-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole (31.6) as an oil. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₆N₃O₅PS: C, 54.42; H, 5.65; N, 9.07. Found: C, 54.40; H, 6.02; N, 8.87.

The following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures:

(31.7) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenylphosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. mp 205° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₇H₂₀N₃O₃PS+0.3H₂O+0.3HCl: C, 51.86; H, 5.35; N, 10.67. Found: C, 51.58; H, 4.93; N, 11.08.

(31.8) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-ethoxycarbonylmethyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₆N₃O₅PS: C, 54.42; H, 5.65; N, 9.07. Found: C, 54.78; H, 5.83; N, 8.67.

(31.9) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-isobutyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. mp 151-152° C. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₈N₃O₃PS: C, 58.18; H, 6.51; N, 9.69. Found: C, 58.12; H, 6.54; N, 9.59.

(31.18) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-(1-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-phenyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₈H₃₂N₃O₅PS: C, 60.75; H, 5.83; N, 7.59. Found: C, 60.35; H, 5.77; N, 7.37.

(31.19) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-(1-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl)propyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₃₀N₂O₅PS: C, 56.20; H, 6.15; N, 8.55. Found: C, 55.95; H, 5.80; N, 8.35.

(31.20) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-(1-(1,3-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₃₄N₃O₇PS+0.2 CH₂Cl₂: C, 54.20; H, 5.97; N, 7.24. Found C, 54.06; H, 5.68; N, 7.05.

(31.21) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-(1-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)propyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₅N₃O₅PSCl: C, 50.65; H, 5.06; N, 8.44. Found: C, 50.56; H, 4.78; N, 8.56.

(31.22) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-(1-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₅N₃O₅PSCl+1HCl+0.2H₂O: C, 46.88; H, 4.95; N, 7.81. Found: C, 47.33; H, 4.71; N, 7.36.

(31.23) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-(1-(1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₄H₃₀N₃O₇PS: C, 53.83; H, 5.65; N, 7.85. Found: C, 53.54; H, 5.63; N, 7.77

(31.24) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-(1-morpholinyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₆N₃O₄PS: C, 56.37; H, 5.86; N, 9.39. Found: C, 56.36; H, 5.80; N, 9.20.

(31.25) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-(1-(1-benzyloxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₇H₃₀N₃O₅PS: C, 60.10; H, 5.60; N, 7.79. Found: C, 59.80; H, 5.23; N, 7.53.

(31.32) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-benzyloxycarbonylmethyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₂₈N₃O₅PS: C, 59.42; H, 5.37; N, 8.00. Found: C, 59.60; H, 5.05; N, 7.91.

(31.36) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-(4-methyoxyphenyl)-N-(1-(1-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₂₈N₃O₆PS+0.1 CHCl₃+0.1 MeCN: C, 52.56; H, 5.62; N, 8.52. Found: C, 52.77; H, 5.23; N, 8.87.

(31.37) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-2-methoxycarbonyl)propyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₂₈N₃O₅PS+0.6H₂O: C, 54.11; H, 6.03; N, 8.60. Found: C, 53.86; H, 5.97; N, 8.61.

(31.38) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-phenyl-N-(2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)propyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₃₀N₃O₅PS: C, 56.20; H, 6.15; N, 8.55. Found: C, 55.90; H, 6.29; N, 8.46.

The reaction of a dichlorophosphonate with a 1-amino-3-propanol in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. pyridine, triethylamine) can also be used to prepare cyclic phosphoramidates as prodrugs of phosphonates. The following compounds were prepared in this manner:

(31.10) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole minor isomer. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₅N₂O₃PS+0.25H₂O+0.1HCl: C, 59.40; H, 6.08; N, 6.60. Found: C, 59.42; H, 5.72; N, 6.44.

(31.11) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole major isomer. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₅N₂O₃PS+0.25H₂O: C, 59.91; H, 6.11; N, 6.65. Found: C, 60.17; H, 5.81; N, 6.52.

(31.12) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole major isomer. Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₂₄N₃O₃PS+0.25H₂O+0.1 CH₂Cl₂: C, 55.27; H, 5.72; N, 9.57. Found: C, 55.03; H, 5.42; N, 9.37.

(31.13) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole minor isomer. Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₂₄N₃O₃PS+0.15 CH₂Cl₂: C, 56.26; H, 5.69; N, 9.77. Found: C, 56.36; H, 5.46; N, 9.59.

(31.14) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole less polar isomer. Anal. calcd. for C₁₇H₁₈N₃O₃PS₂+0.4HCl: C, 48.38; H, 4.39; N, 9.96. Found: C, 48.47; H, 4.21; N, 9.96.

(31.15) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole more polar isomer. Anal. calcd. for C₁₇H₁₈N₃O₃PS₂: C, 50.11; H, 4.45; N, 10.31. Found: C, 49.84; H, 4.19; N, 10.13.

(31.16) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-{2-[5-(N-methyl-1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₈H₂₀N₃O₃PS₂+0.25HCl: C, 50.21; H, 4.74; N, 9.76. Found: C, 50.31; H, 4.46; N, 9.79.

(31.17) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-{2-[5-(1-phenyl-1,3-propyl)-N-acetylphosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₂₆N₃O₄PS+1.25H₂O: C, 54.82; H, 5.96; N, 8.72. Found: C, 55.09; H, 5.99; N, 8.39.

(31.26) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-oxo-1-phospha-2-oxa-7-aza-3,4-benocycloheptan-1-yl)]furanyl}thiazole, major isomer. Mp 233-234° C. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₄N₃₀O₅PS+0.2 CHCl₃: C, 52.46; H, 5.03; N, 8.66. Found C, 52.08; H, 4.65; N, 8.58.

(31.27) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(1-oxo-1-phospha-2-oxa-7-aza-3,4-benocycloheptan-1-yl)]furanyl}thiazole, minor isomer. MS calcd. for C₂₁H₂₄N₃O₅PS+H: 462, found 462.

(31.34) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-propyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₂N₃O₃PSCl₂: C, 49.39; H, 4.56; N, 8.64. Found: C, 49.04; H, 4.51; N, 8.37.

(31.35) 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(4,5-benzo-1-oxo-1-phospha-2-oxa-6-aza)cyclohexan-1-yl]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₈H₂₀N₃O₃PS+0.7H₂O: C, 53.78; H, 5.37; N, 10.45. Found C, 53.63; H, 5.13; N, 10.36.

Example 32 Preparation of 5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]tetrazole

Step A. To a mixture of tetrazole (1 mmole) and powdered K₂CO₃ (1.5 mmole) in 1 mL DMF cooled to 0° C. was added benzyl chloromethyl ether (1.2 mmole) and the resulting mixture stirred for 30 min at 0° C. and then for 16 h at rt. The mixture was diluted with water and ether. Extraction and chromatography provided 2-benzyloxymethyltetrazole as a colorless oil.

Step B. To a solution of 2-benzyloxymethyltetrazole (1 mmole) and TMEDA (2 mmole) in 3 mL diethyl ether at −78° C. was added n-BuLi in hexanes (1 mmole). This was let stir for 5 min at −78° C. and then it was added to a precooled (−78° C.) solution of (n-Bu)₃SnCl (1 mmole) in 2 mL of diethyl ether. After stirring at −78° C. for 30 min it was diluted with water and diethyl ether. Extraction and chromatography provided 2-benzyloxymethyl-5-(tributylstannyl)tetrazole as a colorless oil.

Step C. A mixture of 5-iodo-2-diethylphosphonofuran (1 mmole), 2-benzyloxymethyl-5-(tributylstannyl)tetrazole (1.05 mmole), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) (0.03 mmole) and copper(I) iodide (0.07 mmole) in 3 mL of toluene was refluxed at 110° C. for 20 h. Evaporation and chromatography provided 2-benzyloxymethyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole as an oil.

Step D. A mixture of 2-benzyloxymethyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (1 mmole) and 6 M HCl (1 mL) in 10 mL ethanol was heated at 70° C. for 20 h and then the solvent concentrated by evaporation, made basic with 1 N NaOH and extracted with EtOAc. The aqueous layer was made acidic and extracted with EtOAc. This EtOAc extract was evaporated to provide 5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole as a solid, which was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (32.1) as a solid: mp 186-188° C. Anal. calcd. for C₅H₅N₄O₄P+1.5H₂O: C, 24.70; H, 3.32; N, 23.05. Found: C, 24.57; H, 2.57; N, 23.05.

Step E.

Step 1. A mixture of 5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (1 mmole), 1-iodo-2-methylpropane (2 mmole) and powdered K₂CO₃ (2 mmole) in 5 mL DMF was stirred at 80° C. for 48 h and then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and water and the layers separated. The CH₂Cl₂ layer was evaporated and combined with the product of the following reaction for chromatography.

Step 2. The aqueous layer of Step 1 was made acidic and extracted with EtOAc. This extract was evaporated and the residue heated at 80° C. in 2 mL of SOCl₂ for 3 h and then the solvent evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL CH₂Cl₂ and 0.3 mL NEt₃ and 0.5 mL of EtOH was added. After stirring for 1 h at rt the mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and water. This organic extract was combined with that kept from Step 1 and chromatography provided 1-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole and 2-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole each as an oil.

Step 3. 1-Isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 1-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (32.2) as a solid: mp 200-202° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₄O₄P: C, 39.71; H, 4.81; N, 20.58. Found: C, 39.64; H, 4.63; N, 20.21.

Step F. A mixture of 2-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (1 mmole) and TMSBr (10 mmole) in 10 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue dissolved in 10:1 CH₂CN:water, the solvent evaporated and the residue precipitated from acetone by addition of dicyclohexylamine (2 mmole) to provide 2-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]tetrazole N,N-dicyclohexyl ammonium salt.

(32.3) as a solid: mp 226-228° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₄O₄P+C₁₂H₂₃N: C, 55.62; H, 8.00; N, 15.44. Found: C, 55.55; H, 8.03; N, 15.07.

Example 33 High throughput synthesis of various 2-(5-phosphono)furanyl substituted heteroaromatic compounds

Step A. Various 2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl substituted heteroaromatic compounds were prepared in a similar manner as Step B of Example 15, and some of these compounds were used for the high throughput synthesis of compounds listed in Table 33.1 and Table 33.2.

Step B. A mixture of 2-chloro-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (0.01 mmole) and TMSBr (0.1 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and then evaporated and diluted with 0.5 mL of 9:1 CH₃CN:water. Evaporation provided 2-chloro-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furnayl]pyridine.

Step C. A mixture of 2-chloro-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (0.01 mmole) and a solution of freshly prepared sodium propoxide in propanol (0.25 M, 0.4 mL) was let sit at 85° C. for 14 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was subjected to Step B of Example 33 to give 2-propyloxy-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

Step D. A mixture of 2-chloro-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (0.01 mmol) and 1-methylpiperazine (0.2 mL) in ethylene glycol (0.2 mL) was heated at 145° C. for 24 h. The mixture was further diluted with 0.5 mL of CH₃CN and 0.1 mL of water and then 150 mg of Dowex 12-100 formate resin was added. After stirring this mixture 30 min it was filtered and the resin washed with DMF (210 min), CH₂CN (210 min) and then 9:1 CH₂CN:water (110 min). Finally the resin was stirred with 9:1 TFA:water for 30 min, filtered and the filtrate evaporated. The residue obtained subjected to Step B of example to give 2-[1-(4-methyl)piperazinyl]-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

Step E. A mixture of 3-chloro-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazine (0.01 mmole), 5-tributylstannylthiophene (0.04 mmole), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.001 mmole) and CuI (0.002 mmole) in dioxane (0.5 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 16 h then the solvent was evaporated. The resulting residue and TMSBr (0.1 mL) in 0.5 mL CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at n for 16 h and then evaporated and diluted with 0.5 mL of 9:1 CH₃CN:water. To this solution 150 mg of Dowex 12-100 formate resin was added and after stirring 30 min it was filtered and the resin washed with DMF (210 min), CH₂CN (210 min) and then 9:1 CH₂CN:water (110 min). Finally the resin was stirred with 9:1 TFA:water for 30 min. filtered and the filtrate evaporated to give 3-(2-thienyl)-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furnayl]pyrazine.

Step F. A mixture of 3-chloro-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazine (0.01 mmole), 1-hexyne (0.04 mmole), diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mmole), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.001 mmole) and CuI (0.002 mole) in dioxane (0.5 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 16 h then the solvent was evaporated. The resulting residue was subjected to Step B to give 3-(1-hexyn-1-yl)-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine.

Preparation of the Carboxymethylphosphonate Resin

Step G. A solution of trimethylphosphonoacetate (30.9 mmol), 2-(trimethylsiyl)ethanol (10.4 mmol) and DMAP (3.1 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) was refluxed for 48 h under N₂. After cooling, the solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1N HCl followed by water. The organic solution was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give an oil. The residue was treated with LiI (10.4 mmol) in 2-butanone (30 mL), and refluxed overnight under N₂. The solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1N HCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum to afford the SEM protected carboxy monomethylphosphonate as a colorless oil.

Step H. Hydroxymethylpolystyrene (2.35 mmol) was prepared for coupling by combining with anhyrous THF (40 mL), gently skaking for 20 min. and then removing the excess solvent by cannula. This procedure was repeated 3 times. The swollen resin was then suspended in THF (40 mL) and DIPEA (21.2 mmol). To this mixture was added, by cannula, a solution of the SEM protected carboxy monomethylphosphonate (prepared in Step G) (7.1 mmol), DIAD (7.1 mmol) and tris(4-chlorophenyl)phosphine (7.1 mmol) in THF (15 mL) which had been stirred for 15 min. prior to addition. After shaking the mixture overnight under a blanket of N₂, the resin was filtered, rinsed with THF (3×40 mL), DMF (3×40 mL), and THF again (3×40 mL) before drying under vacuum to afford 3.8 g of the coupled phosphonate resin.

Step I. To coupled phosphonate resin (2.41 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added IM TBAF in THF solution (12 mL). The mixture was shaken overnight before being filtered and the resin rinsed with THF (3×40 mL) to afford the desired carboxymethylphosphonate resin as the tetrabutylammonium salt.

Coupling of the Carboxymethylphosphonate Resin to a Heteroaromatic Amine

Step J. In a 2 mL well, a heteroaromatic amine (0.14 mmol), resin (0.014 mmol), PyBOP (0.14 mmol) and TEA (0.36 mmol) in DMF (1.45 mL) were combined and shaken for 48 h at room temperature. The treated resin was then filtered, washed with DMF (3×) and CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The isolated resin was resuspended in CH₂Cl₂ (900 L), combined with TMSBr (100 L) and mixed for 6 h. The mixture was filtered, the resin washed with anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (500 L) and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. To the isolated residue was added a solution of CH₃CN/H₂O (9:1, 300 L). After shaking for 30 min. the solvents were removed to provide the desired [{N-(phosphono)acetyl]amino} substituted heteroaromatic analogs. Compounds 33.97-33.119 and 33.146-33.164 were synthesized according to these procedures and they are listed in Table 33.1 and Table 33.2.

Preparation of the Aminomethylphosphonate Resin

Step K. To a solution of dimethyl phthalimidomethylphosphonate (37 mmole) in 2-butanone (150 mL) was added LiI (38.9 mmol). After refluxing overnight under N₂, the solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1N HCl, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under vacuum to afford monomethyl phthalimidomethylphosphonate as a white solid.

Step L. As described above in Step H, monomethyl phthalimidomethylphosphonate was coupled to hydroxymethylpolystyrene to give the resin-coupled phthalimidomethylphosphonate monomethyl ester.

Step M. To the resin-coupled phthalimidomethylphosphonate monomethyl ester (6.8 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was added anhydrous hydrazine (3 mL). After shaking at room temperature for 24 h the resin was filtered, rinsed with DMF (3×10 mL), CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL) and then dried under vacuum to afford 832 mg the desired resin-coupled aminomethylphosphonate monomethyl ester.

Coupling of Various Heteroaromatic Carboxylic Acids to the Resin-Coupled Aminomethylphosphonate Monomethyl Ester.

STEP N. In a 2 mL well, a heteroaromatic carboxylic acid (0.2 mmol), resin (0.02 mmol), EDC (0.2 mmol) and HOBT (0.2 mmol) in DMF (0.5 mL) were combined and shaken for 24 h at room temperature. The treated resin was then filtered, washed with DMF (3×) and CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The isolated resin was resuspended in CH₂Cl₂ (500 L), combined with TMSBr (50 L) and mixed for 6 h. The mixture was filtered, the resin washed with anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (500 L) and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. To the isolated residue was added a solution of CH₃CN/H₂O (9:1, 300 L). After shaking for 30 min the solvents were evaporated to provide the desired (N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl substituted heteroaromatic analogs. Compounds 33.120-33.145 were synthesized according to these procedures and they are listed in Table 33.2.

The following compounds were prepared according to some or all of the above described procedures. These compounds were characterized by HPLC (as described below) and mass spectroscopy (APCI negative ion), and these characterization data are listed in Table 33.1 and Table 33.2.

HPLC was performed using a YMC ODS-Aq, Aq-303-5, 250 4.6 mm ID, S-5 μm, 120 A column with the UV detector set at 280 nm.

HPLC Elution Program: 1.5 mL/min flow rate Time (min) % Acetonitrile (A) % Buffer^(a) (B) 0 10 90 7.5 90 10 12.4 90 10 12.5 10 90 15 10 90 ^(a)Buffer = 95:5:0.1 water:methanol:acetic acid

TABLE 33.1

synthetic HPLC example Rt number A B X Y′ (min.) M-1 found 33.146 H Br NHC(O)CH2 S 6.58 299/301 33.147 H Ph NHC(O)CH2 S 6.57 297 33.148 Ph H NHC(O)CH2 S 6.06 297 33.149 Ph Et NHC(O)CH2 O 309 33.150 H H NHC(O)CH2 S 4.22 221 33.151 adamantyl Me NHC(O)CH2 S 6.59 369 33.152 Bu-t Br NHC(O)CH2 S 6.62 355/357 33.153 H Ph(-4-Br) NHC(O)CH2 S 6.62 375/377

synthetic HPLC example Rt number A* B* X Y′ (min.) M-1 found 33.154 H H NHC(O)CH2 O 6.68 205 33.155 null NH2 NHC(O)CH2 O 6.6  221 33.156 NHMe null NHC(O)CH2 S 3.82 251 33.157 Me H NHC(O)CH2 NH 33.158 H H NHC(O)CH2 NH 33.159 OH H NHC(O)CH2 NH 33.160 Bu-t H NHC(O)CH2 O 6.62 261 33.161 null 3-pyridyl NHC(O)CH2 O 6.58 283 33.162 CH2Ph(2,6-dichloro) null NHC(O)CH2 O 34.163 Br null furan-2,5-diyl NH 4.46 292/294 34.164 Br null furan-2,5-diyl S 5.96 309/311 *when A or B is null, then the corresponding G is N.

TABLE 33.2

synthetic HPLC example Rt M-1 number A* B* X D* E* (min.) found 33.1 NH2 Cl furan-2,5-diyl Me null 11.06  288 33.2 H OC(O)(Ph-2,6- furan-2,5-diyl H H 3.99 413 dichloro) 33.3 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl CH2OH H 8.34 284 33.4 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl C(O)NH2 H 8.23 297 33.5 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl CO2H H 9.54 298 33.6 OH H furan-2,5-diyl CF3 C(O)NH2 3.91 351 33.7 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl CF3 C(O)NH2 9.14 365 33.8 null H furan-2,5-diyl H OMe 9.72 255 33.9 null H furan-2,5-diyl H OH 4.52 241 33.10 OH H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 3.79 255 33.11 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 6.44 269 33.12 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl OH H 3.96 256 33.13 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl OMe H 8.02 270 33.14 H OMe furan-2,5-diyl null H 7.22 255 33.15 H OH furan-2,5-diyl null H 4.82 241 33.16 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl null H 7.48 255 33.17 OEt H furan-2,5-diyl H H 9.72 268 33.18 OEt H furan-2,5-diyl CH2OH H 5.26 298 33.19 null H furan-2,5-diyl Me OEt 7.80 283 33.20 null H furan-2,5-diyl Me OH 3.80 255 33.21 OH H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 3.77 255 33.22 OEt H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 7.33 283 33.23 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl OH H 3.94 256 33.24 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl OEt H 5.66 284 33.25 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl OEt null 5.90 284 33.26 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl OH null 3.78 256 33.27 H OEt furan-2,5-diyl null H 9.74 269 33.28 H OH furan-2,5-diyl null H 4.81 241 33.29 OEt H furan-2,5-diyl null H 9.78 269 33.30 Br H furan-2,5-diyl H NO2 7.78 347/ 33.31 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl H C(O)OEt 9.69 330 33.32 Br H furan-2,5-diyl H C(O)OEt 9.69 374/376 33.33 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl Me C(O)NH2 3.72 315 33.34 Cl CF3 furan-2,5-diyl H CF3 9.04 394 33.35 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl NH2 H 4.89 273 33.36 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl CN H 7.93 283 33.37 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl CH2OH H 5.38 288 33.38 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl C(O)NH2 H 5.57 301 33.39 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl C(O)OEt H 8.54 330 33.40 Cl 1-triazinyl(3-amino- furan-2,5-diyl H H 8.91 398 5-methylthio) 33.41 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl Me CN 8.22 297 33.42 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl CF3 NH2 8.60 341 33.43 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl CF3 CN 8.66 351 33.44 null CH3 furan-2,5-diyl Me Br 9.25 331/333 33.45 null CH3 furan-2,5-diyl Me Cl 9.25 287 33.46 Br CH3 furan-2,5-diyl H null 5.62 317/319 33.47 Br Br furan-2,5-diyl H null 3.54 381/383/ 385 33.48 Br H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 5.55 317/319 33.49 H NH2 furan-2,5-diyl Br null 4.78 318/320 33.50 Br Cl furan-2,5-diyl Br null 8.38 417/419 33.51 SMe Ph furan-2,5-diyl Br null 9.26 425/427 33.52 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl Br null 4.87 318/320 33.53 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl OH null 3.70 256 33.54 Br H furan-2,5-diyl Br null 9.64 381/383/ 385 33.55 Br H furan-2,5-diyl Cl null 9.64 337/339 33.56 H Br furan-2,5-diyl null H 5.08 303/305 33.57 NH2 Cl furan-2,5-diyl null C(O)OMe 3.34 332 33.58 OPr-n H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 8.14 297 33.59 H OPr-n furan-2,5-diyl null H 8.45 283 33.60 H O(CH2)2OEt furan-2,5-diyl null H 7.82 313 33.61 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl OH H 3.97 256 33.62 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl OPr-n H 7.84 298 33.63 OPr-n H furan-2,5-diyl CH2OH H 4.36 312 33.64 OBu-n H furan-2,5-diyl CH2OH H 8.58 326 33.65 O(CH2)2OEt H furan-2,5-diyl CH2OH H 4.13 342 33.66 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl OPr-n null 7.96 298 33.67 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl OBu-n null 3.86 312 33.68 H OBu-i furan-2,5-diyl null H 8.80 297 33.69 H O(CH2)2OEt furan-2,5-diyl null H 7.14 299 33.70 H O(CH2)2NMe2 furan-2,5-diyl null H 4.57 312 33.71 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl OBu-i H 8.06 312 33.72 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl O(CH2)2OMe H 4.84 314 33.73 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl OBu-i null 8.70 312 33.74 Br H furan-2,5-diyl C(O)NH2 H 7.68 346/348 33.75 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl Cl H 4.77 274 33.76 NH(CH2)2OH H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 4.56 298 33.77 H NH(CH2)2OH furan-2,5-diyl null H 4.55 284 33.78 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl NH(CH2)2OH H 4.58 299 33.79 NH(CH2)2OH H furan-2,5-diyl NH2 null 4.58 299 33.80 NH(CH2)2OH H furan-2,5-diyl CH2OH H 4.44 313 33.81 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl NH(CH2)2OH null 4.33 299 33.82 NHCH2— H furan-2,5-diyl CH3 null 4.65 312 CH(OH)Me 33.83 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl NHCH2— H 4.63 313 CH(OH)Me 33.84 NHCH2— H furan-2,5-diyl NH2 null 4.63 313 CH(OH)Me 33.85 NHCH2— H furan-2,5-diyl CH2OH H 4.52 327 CH(OH)Me 33.86 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl NHCH2— null 4.65 313 CH(OH)Me 33.87 NH(CH2)3OH H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 4.62 312 33.88 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl NH(CH2)3OH H 4.48 313 33.89 NH(CH2)3OH H furan-2,5-diyl NH2 null 4.48 313 33.90 NH2 NH(CH2)3OH furan-2,5-diyl null C(O)NH— 4.76 414 (CH2)3OH 33.91 H 4-morpholinyl furan-2,5-diyl null H 6.46 310 33.92 4-morpholinyl H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 6.53 324 33.93 NH2 null furan-2,5-diyl 4-morpholinyl H 6.15 325 33.94 4-morpholinyl H furan-2,5-diyl NH2 null 4.84 325 33.95 NH2 4-morpholinyl furan-2,5-diyl null C(O)(4- 7.47 438 morpholinyl) 33.96 NH2 H furan-2,5-diyl 4-morpholinyl null 5.30 325 33.97 Me H NHC(O)CH2 H H 6.58 229 33.98 H Me NHC(O)CH2 H H 6.60 229 33.99 NH2 H NHC(O)CH2 H Cl 6.63 264 33.100 NH2 Cl NHC(O)CH2 H H 6.63 264 33.101 H OH NHC(O)CH2 H H 6.54 231 33.102 Me H NHC(O)CH2 Me H 6.59 243 33.103 H H NHC(O)CH2 H Cl 7.02 249 33.104 H H NHC(O)CH2 H Br 8.01 293/295 33.105 Me H NHC(O)CH2 H Br 6.64 307/309 33.106 H H NHC(O)CH2 H H 6.72 215 33.107 H H NHC(O)CH2 H Me 6.54 229 33.108 H H NHC(O)CH2 Me H 6.53 229 33.109 Me Cl NHC(O)CH2 Me null 3.93 279 33.110 Cl H NHC(O)CH2 null H 4.20 251 33.111 H Br NHC(O)CH2 H Me 6.44 307/309 33.112 NH2 H NHC(O)CH2 NH(Ph-4-Br) null 4.42 401/403 33.113 NH2 Bn NHC(O)CH2 H Bn 6.49 410 33.114 H H NHC(O)CH2 Et H 6.57 243 33.115 Me Et NHC(O)CH2 H H 6.54 257 33.116 Me H NHC(O)CH2 H Br 6.55 307/309 33.117 H Br NHC(O)CH2 H Me 6.51 307/309 33.118 H Me NHC(O)CH2 H Br 6.52 307/309 33.119 Me Br NHC(O)CH2 H Br 6.19 385/387/ 389 33.120 H H C(O)NHCH2 H H 3.74 215 33.121 Me H C(O)NHCH2 H H 229 33.122 OH H C(O)NHCH2 H H 3.72 231 33.123 Br H C(O)NHCH2 H H 5.02 293/295 33.124 Cl H C(O)NHCH2 H H 4.60 249/251 33.125 H H C(O)NHCH2 Cl H 5.18 249/251 33.126 H Br C(O)NHCH2 OH H 3.60 310/312 33.127 H H C(O)NHCH2 null H 3.70 216 33.128 H H C(O)NHCH2 NO2 H 5.00 260 33.129 H H C(O)NHCH2 H Bu-n 8.35 271 33.130 H OPr-n C(O)NHCH2 H H 7.46 273 33.131 Cl Cl C(O)NHCH2 H H 4.23 283/285/ 287 33.132 Cl CF3 C(O)NHCH2 H H 8.05 317/319 33.133 H Cl C(O)NHCH2 H CF3 6.49 317/319 33.134 H Cl C(O)NHCH2 Cl Cl 7.20 318/320/ 322 33.135 H C(O)Ph C(O)NHCH2 H H 7.00 319 33.136 H OEt C(O)NHCH2 H CF3 6.65 327 33.137 SMe Cl C(O)NHCH2 H null 5.82 296/298 33.138 SMe Br C(O)NHCH2 H null 5.40 340/342 33.139 H O(Ph-3-CF3) C(O)NHCH2 null H 376 33.140 H H C(O)NHCH2 null Me 3.75 230 33.141 H Me C(O)NHCH2 H H 4.96 229 33.142 Cl Cl C(O)NHCH2 Cl Cl 9.18 351/353/ 355/357 33.143 H F C(O)NHCH2 OH null 250 33.144 Me F C(O)NHCH2 OH null 264 33.145 OH F C(O)NHCH2 OH null 3.93 266 *When A, B, D or E is null, then the corresponding G′ is N.

Section 2 Synthesis of Compounds of Formula X Example 34 Preparation of 2-amino-4-phosphonomethyloxy-6-bromobenzothiazole

Step A. A solution of AlCl₃ (5 mmole) in EtSH (10 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with 2-amino-4-methoxybenzothiazole (1 mmole). The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 2 h. Evaporation and extraction gave 2-amino-4-hydroxybenzothiazole as white so lid.

Step B. A mixture of 2-amino-4-hydroxybenzothiazole (1 mmole) and NaH (1.3 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min, and then treated with diethylphosphonomethyl trifluoromethylsulfonate (1.2 mmole). After being stirred at room temperature for 8 h, the reaction was subjected to extraction and chromatography to give 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxybenzothiazole as an oil.

Step C. A solution of 2-amino-4-(diethylphosphonomethyloxy)benzothiazole (1 mmole) in AcOH (6 mL) was cooled to 10° C. and treated with bromine (1.5 mmole) in AcOH (2 mL). After 5 min the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. The yellow precipitate was collected via filtration and washed with CH₂Cl₂ to give 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-6-bromobenzothiazole.

Step D. A solution of 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-6-bromobenzothiazole (1 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was treated with TMSBr (10 mmole) at 0° C. After stirred for 8 h at room temperature the reaction was evaporated to dryness and the residue was taken into water (5 mL). The resulting precipitate was collected via filtration and washed with water to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethyloxy-6-bromobenzothiazole (34.1) as white solid. mp>220° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₈N₂O₄PSBr: C, 28.34; H, 2.38; N, 8.26. Found: C, 28.32; H, 2.24; N, 8.06.

Similarly, the following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures:

(34.2) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethyloxybenzothiozole. mp>250° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₄PS+0.4H₂O: C, 35.93; H, 3.69; N, 10.48. Found: C, 35.90; H, 3.37; N, 10.37.

Example 35 Preparation of 2-amino-4-phosphonomethyloxy-6-bromo-7-chlorobenzothiazole

Step A. A solution of 1-(2-methoxy-5-chlorophenyl)-2-thiourea (1 mmole) in chloroform (10 mL) was cooled to 10° C. and treated with bromine (2.2 mmole) in chloroform (10 mL). The reaction was stirred at 10° C. for 20 min and at room temperature for 0.5 h. The resulting suspension was heated at reflux for 0.5 h. The precipitate was collected via filtration (washed with CH₂Cl₂) to give 2-amino-4-methoxy-7-chlorobenzothiazole which was subjected to Steps A, B, C and D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-bromo-7-chloro benzothiazole (35.1). mp>220° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PSClBr: C, 25.72; H, 1.89; N, 7.50. Found: C, 25.66; H, 1.67; N, 7.23.

Similarly, the following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures:

(35.2) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-bromo-7-methyl benzothiazole. mp>220° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₂O₄PSBr: C, 30.61; H, 2.85; N, 7.93. Found: C, 30.25; H, 2.50; N, 7.77.

(35.3) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-7-methylbenzothiazole. mp>220° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄PS+1.0H₂O: C, 36.99; H, 4.48; N, 9.59. Found: C, 36.73; H, 4.23; N, 9.38.

(35.4) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-7-chlorobenzothiazole. mp>220° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₈N₂O₄PSCl+0.1H₂O: C, 32.41; H, 2.79; N, 9.45. Found: C, 32.21; H, 2.74; N, 9.22.

Example 36 Preparation of 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-5,67,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole

Step A. 3-Amino-2-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene was subjected to Step B of Example 34 to give 3-amino-2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthlene.

Step B. A solution of KSCN (16 mmole) and CuSO₄ (7.7 mmole) in MeOH (10 mL) was treated with a solution of 3-amino-2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene (1 mmole) in MeOH (5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. Filtration, extraction and chromatography provided 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole as light brown solid.

Step C. 2-Amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole was subjected to Step D of Example 34 to give 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho [1,2-d]thiazole (36.1). mp>220° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₄PS+0.5H₂O: C, 45.86; H, 4.81; N, 8.91. Found: C, 44.68; H, 4.77; N, 8.73.

The following compounds were also prepared according to above procedures:

(36.2) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-[1,2-d]naphthothiazole. mp>240° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₁N₂O₄PS+0.2HBr: C, 44.15; H, 3.46; N, 8.58. Found: C, 44.13; H, 3.46; N, 8.59.

(36.3) 2-Amino-5,7-dimethyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp>240° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂N₃O₄PS₂+0.2CH₂Cl₂: C, 37.13; H, 3.45; N, 11.60. Found: C, 37.03; H, 3.25; N, 11.65.

Example 37 Preparation of 2-Amino-7-methoxy-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole

Step A. 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxynitrobenzene was subjected to Step B of Example 34 to give 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-methoxynitrobenzene.

Step B. A solution of SnCl₂ (4 mmole) in freshly prepared methonolic HCl (10 mL) was added to a cold (0° C.) solution of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-methoxynitrobenzene (1 mmole) in MeOH (5 mL). The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. Evaporation, extraction and chromatography provided 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-methoxyaniline.

Step C. 2-Diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-methoxyaniline was subjected to Step B of Example 36 to give 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-6-thiocyano-7-methoxybenzothiazole, which was subjected to Step D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-7-methoxy-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (37.1). mp>170° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀N₃O₅PS₂: C, 34.58; H, 2.90; N, 12.10. Found: C, 34.23; H, 2.68; N, 11.77.

Similarly, the following compounds were prepared according to above procedures:

(37.2) 2-Amino-5,6-difluoro-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp>240° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PSF₂: C, 32.44; H, 2.38; N, 9.46. Found: C, 32.30; H, 2.26; N, 9.17.

(37.3) 2-Amino-5-fluoro-7-bromo-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp>190° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PSBrF: C, 26.91; H, 1.98; N, 7.84. Found: C, 27.25; H, 1.92; N, 7.54.

(37.4) 2-Amino-7-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp>240° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₆PS+0.2HBr+0.1DMF: C, 38.15; H, 3.94; N, 8.27. Found: C, 38.51; H, 3.57; N, 8.66.

Example 38 Preparation of 2-Amino-7-bromo-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxy benzothiazole

Step A. A solution of 2-fluoro-5-bromonitrobenzene (1 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was cooled to 0° C., and treated with a solution of freshly prepared sodium salt of diethylhydroxymethylphosphonate (1.2 mmole) in DMF (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Evaporation, extraction and chromatography provided 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-bromonitrobenzene.

Step B. 2-Diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-bromonitrobenzene was subjected to Step B of Example 37, Step B of Example 36, and Step D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-7-bromo-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (38.1). mp>250° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₇N₃O₄PS₂ Br: C, 27.29; H, 1.78; N, 10.61. Found: C, 26.90; H, 1.58; N, 10.54.

Similarly, the following compound was prepared according to above procedures:

(38.2) 2-Amino-7-fluoro-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp>136° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₇N₃O₄ PFS₂+0.3HBr: C, 30.07; H, 2.05; N, 11.69. Found: C, 30.27; H, 2.01; N, 11.38.

Example 39 Preparation of 2-Amino-7-hydroxymethyl-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxy benzothiazole

Step A. 2-Chloro-5-formylnitrobenzene was subjected to Step A of Example 38 to give 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-formylnitrobenzene.

Step B. A solution of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-formylnitrobenzene (1 mmole) in methanol (5 mL) was treated with 10% palladium on carbon (0.05 mmole) under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen at room temperature for 12 h. Filtration followed by evaporation gave 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-hydroxymethylaniline which was subjected to Step B of Example 36 followed by Step D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-7-hydroxymethyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (39.1). mp 181-184° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀N₃O₅PS₂+0.35H₂O: C, 33.97; H, 3.05; N, 11.88. Found: C, 33.76; H, 2.66; N, 11.61.

Example 40 Preparation of 2-Amino-6-bromo-7-fluoro-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole

Step A. A solution of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-4-bromo-5-fluoroaniline (1 mmole, prepared as in Example 4, Step B) and KSCN (2 mmole) in AcOH (8 mL) was cooled to 10° C., and treated with a solution of bromine (2 mmole) in AcOH (5 mL). After being stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was purified by chromatography to provide 2-amino-7-fluorol-6-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxybenzothiazole which was subjected to Step D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-6-bromo-7-fluoro-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (40.1). Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PSBrF+0.1HBr: C, 26.31; H, 1.96; N, 7.67. Found: C, 25.96; H, 1.94; N, 7.37.

Example 41 Preparation of 2-Amino-7-ethyl-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxy benzothiazole

Step A. A solution of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-bromonitrobenzene (1 mmole, prepared as in Example 37, Step A) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with tributyl(vinyl)tin (1.2 mmole) and palladium bis(triphenylphosphine) dichloride (0.1 mmole), and the mixture was heated at 60° C. under nitrogen for 6 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-vinylnitrobenzene as an oil which was subjected to Step B of Example 38, Step B of Example 36, and Step D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-7-ethyl-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (41.1). mp>167° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂N₃O₄PS₂: C, 38.26; H, 3.50; N, 12.17. Found: C, 37.87; H, 3.47; N, 11.93.

Example 42 Preparation of 2-Amino-7-cyclopropyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxy benzothiazole

Step A. A suspension of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-vinylnitrobenzene (1 mmole, prepared as in Step A of Example 40) and Pd(OAc)₂ (0.1 mmole) in ether (8 mL) was treated with a solution of diazomethane (generated from 3.0 g of 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine) in ether at 0° C. After being stirred at room temperature for 20 h the reaction was evaporated to dryness and the residue was chromatographed to give 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-cyclopropylnitrobenzene which was subjected to Step B of Example 37, Step B of Example 36, and Step D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-7-cyclopropyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole hydrogen bromide (42.1). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃N₃O₄PS₂Br+0.1HBr: C, 27.76; H, 2.72; N, 8.09. Found: C, 27.54; H, 3.05; N, 7.83.

Example 43 Preparation of 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl benzothiazole

Step A. 2-Methoxy-4-chloro-5-methylaniline was subjected to Steps A and B of Example 34, Step B of Example 36, and Step D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl benzothiazole (43.1). mp>250° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₂O₄PS₂Cl+0.3H₂O+0.4 HBr: C, 31.20; H, 3.20; N, 8.09. Found: C, 31.37; H, 2.87; N, 7.89.

Similarly, the following compounds were prepared according to above procedures:

(43.2) 2-Amino-7-phenyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp>250° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₁₂N₃O₄PS₂+0.2H₂O: C, 45.38; H, 3.15; N, 10.58. Found: C, 45.25; H, 3.21; N, 10.53.

Example 44 Preparation of 2-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole,

Step A. A solution of 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (1 mmole) in CH₂CN (4 mL) was cooled to 0° C., and treated with CuBr₂ (1.2 mmole) followed by isoamylnitrite (1.5 mmole) dropwisely. The resulting dark mixture was stirred for 3.5 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole as an oil.

Step B. 2-Bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole was subjected to Step D of Example 34 to give 2-bromo-4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (44.1) as a solid. Mp 220-230° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃NO₄PSBr: C, 38.11; H, 3.46; N, 3.70. Found: C, 37.75; H, 3.26; N, 3.69.

Example 45 Preparation of 4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole

Step A. A solution of isoamylnitrite (1.5 mmole) in DMF (1 mL) at 65° C. was treated with 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (1 mmole) in DMF (3 mL). After 30 min, the cooled reaction solution was subjected to evaporation and chromatography to provide 4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole as an oil, which was subjected to Step D of Example 34 to give 4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (45.1) as a solid. Mp 215-220° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₄NO₄PS+1.3HBr: C, 35.63; H, 3.81; N, 3.46. Found: C, 35.53; H, 3.46; N, 3.40.

Example 46 Preparation of 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethylthio benzothiazole

Step A. 2-Diethylphosphonomethylthioaniline, prepared according to Step B of Example 34, was subjected to Step B of Example 36 to give 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethylthiobenzothiazole.

Step B. 2-Amino-4-diethylphosphonomethylthiobenzothiazole was subjected to Step D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethylthiobenzothiazole (46.1) as a foam. Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₀N₂O₃PS₂+0.4H₂O: C, 35.63; H, 3.81; N, 3.46. Found: C, 35.53; H, 3.46; N, 3.40.

Example 47 Preparation of Various Prodrugs of Benzothiazoles

Step A. A suspension of 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (1 mmole) in DMF (10 mL) was treated with DCC (3 mmole) followed by 3-(3,5-dichloro)phenyl-1,3-propanediol (1.1 mmole). The resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for 8 h. Evaporation followed by column chromatography gave 2-amino-4-{[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)propane-1,3-diyl]phosphonomethoxy}-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (47.1) as solid. mp>230° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₁N₂O₄PSCl₂: C, 50.511; H, 4.24; N, 5.61. Found: C, 50.83; H, 4.34; N, 5.25.

Step B. A solution of 4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole dichloridate (generated as in Example 19) (1 mmole) in dichloromethane (5 mL) is cooled to 0° C. and treated with a solution of benzyl alcohol (0.9 mmole) in dichloromethane (0.5 mL) and pyridine (0.3 mL). The resulting reaction solution is stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and then added a solution of ammonia (excess) in THF. After stirring at room temperature for 16 h, the reaction is evaporated to dryness and the residue is purified by chromatography to give of 4-phosphonomonoamidomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole.

Alternatively, a different method is used to prepare other phosphoramides as exemplified in the following procedure:

Step C. A suspension of 4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole dichloridate (generated as in Example 19) (1 mmole) in dichloromethane (5 mL) is cooled to 0° C. and ammonia (excess) is bubbled through the reaction for 10 min. After stirring at room temperature for 16 h, the reaction is evaporated to dryness and the residue is purified by chromatography to give 4-(phosphorodiamido)methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole.

The monophenyl-monophosphonamide derivatives of compounds of formula X can also be prepared according to the above described procedures:

Step D. A solution of 4-diphenylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (prepared according to the procedures of Example 19) (1 mmole) in acetonitrile (9 mL) and water (4 mL) is treated with lithium hydroxide (1N, 1.5 mmole) at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction solution is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in water (10 mL), cooled to 0° C. and the pH of the solution is adjusted to 4 by addition of 6 N HCl. The resulting white solid is collected through filtration to give 4-phenylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole.

Step E. A suspension of 4-phenylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (1 mmole) in thionyl chloride (3 mL) is heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction solution is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (2 mL) and the resulting solution is added to a solution of L-alanine ethyl ester hydrochloride (1.2 mmole) in pyridine (0.8 mL) and dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0° C. The resulting reaction solution is stirred at room temperature for 14 h. Evaporation and chromatography give 4-[O-phenyl-N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethylphosphonamido]methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole.

Step F. A solution of 4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (1 mmole) in DMF is treated with N,N′-dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamidine (5 mmole) and ethylpropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl iodide (5 mmole) which was prepared from chloromethyl chloroformate according to the reported procedure (Nishimura et al. J Antibiotics, 1987, 40, 81). The reaction mixture is stirred at 25 oC for 24 h. Evaporation and chromatography give 4-bis(ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole.

4-(Dipivaloyloxymethyl)phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole and 4-bis(isobutyryloxymethyl)phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole are also prepared in a similar manner.

Examples of use of the method of the invention includes the following. It will be understood that these examples are exemplary and that the method of the invention is not limited solely to these examples.

For the purposes of clarity and brevity, chemical compounds are referred to by synthetic Example number in the biological examples below.

Besides the following Examples, assays that may be useful for identifying compounds which inhibit gluconeogenesis include the following animal models of diabetes:

i. Animals with pancreatic b-cells destroyed by specific chemical cytotoxins such as Alloxan or Streptozotocin (e.g. the Streptozotocin-treated mouse, rat, dog, and monkey). Kodama, H., Fujita, M., Yamaguchi, I., Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 66, 331-336 (1994) (mouse); Youn, J. H., Kim, J. K., Buchanan, T. A., Diabetes 43, 564-571 (1994) (rat); Le Marchand, Y., Loten, E. G., Assimacopoulos-Jannet, F., et al., Diabetes 27, 1182-88 (1978) (dog); and Pitkin, R. M., Reynolds, W. A., Diabetes 19, 70-85 (1970) (monkey).

ii. Mutant mice such as the C57BL/Ks db/db, C57BL/Ks ob/ob, and C57BL/6J ob/ob strains from Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, and others such as Yellow Obese, T-KK, and New Zealand Obese. Coleman, D. L., Hummel, K. P., Diabetologia 3, 238-248 (1967) (C57BL/Ks db/db); Coleman, D. L., Diabetologia 14, 141-148 (1978) (C57BL/6J ob/ob); Wolff, G. L., Pitot, H. C., Genetics 73, 109-123 (1973) (Yellow Obese); Dulin, W. E., Wyse, B. M., Diabetologia 6, 317-323 (1970) (T-KK); and Bielschowsky, M., Bielschowsky, F. Proceedings of the University of Otago Medical School 31, 29-31 (1953) (New Zealand Obese).

iii. Mutant rats such as the Zucker fa/fa Rat rendered diabetic with Streptozotocin or Dexamethasone, the Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat, and the Wistar Kyoto Fatty Rat. Stolz, K. J., Martin, R. J. Journal of Nutrition 112, 997-1002 (1982) (Streptozotocin); Ogawa, A., Johnson, J. H., Ohnbeda, M., McAllister, C. T., Inman, L., Alam, T., Unger, R. H., The Journal of Clinical Investigation 90, 497-504 (1992) (Dexamethasone); Clark, J. B., Palmer, C. J., Shaw, W. N., Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 173, 68-75 (1983) (Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat); and Idida, H., Shino, A., Matsuo, T., et al., Diabetes 30, 1045-1050 (1981) (Wistar Kyoto Fatty Rat).

iv. Animals with spontaneous diabetes such as the Chinese Hamster, the Guinea Pig, the New Zealand White Rabbit, and non-human primates such as the Rhesus monkey and Squirrel monkey. Gerritsen, G. C., Connel, M. A., Blanks, M. C., Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 40, 237 245 (1981) (Chinese Hamster); Lang, C. M., Munger, B. L., Diabetes 25, 434-443 (1976) (Guinea Pig); Conaway, H. H., Brown, C. J., Sanders, L. L. etal., Journal of Heredity 71, 179-186 (1980) (New Zealand White Rabbit); Hansen, B. C., Bodkin, M. L., Diabetologia 29, 713-719 (1986) (Rhesus monkey); and Davidson, I. W., Lang, C. M., Blackwell, W. L., Diabetes 16, 395-401 (1967) (Squirrel monkey).

v. Animals with nutritionally induced diabetes such as the Sand Rat, the Spiny Mouse, the Mongolian Gerbil, and the Cohen Sucrose-Induced Diabetic Rat. Schmidt-Nielsen, K., Hainess, H. B., Hackel, D. B., Science 143, 689-690 (1964) (Sand Rat); Gonet, A. E., Stauffacher, W., Pictet, R., et al., Diabetologia 1, 162-171 (1965) (Spiny Mouse); Boquist, L., Diabetologia 8, 274-282 (1972) (Mongolian Gerbil); and Cohen, A. M., Teitebaum, A., Saliternik, R., Metabolism 21, 235-240 (1972) (Cohen Sucrose-Induced Diabetic Rat).

vi. Any other animal with one of the following or a combination of the following characteristics resulting from a genetic predisposition, genetic engineering, selective breeding, or chemical or nutritional induction: impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, obesity, accelerated gluconeogenesis, increased hepatic glucose output.

Biological Examples Example A Inhibition of Human Liver FBPase

E. coli strain BL21 transformed with a human liver FBPase-encoding plasmid was obtained from Dr. M. R. El-Maghrabi at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. The enzyme was typically purified from 10 liters of recombinant E. coli culture as described (M. Gidh-Jain et al. 1994, The Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, pp 27732-27738). Enzymatic activity was measured spectrophotometrically in reactions that coupled the formation of product (fructose 6-phosphate) to the reduction of dimethylthiazoldiphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) via NADP⁺ and phenazine methosulfate (PMS), using phosphoglucose isomerase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase as the coupling enzymes. Reaction mixtures (200 μl) were made up in 96-well microtitre plates, and consisted of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 100 mM KCl, 5 mM EGTA, 2 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 mM NADP, 1 mg/ml BSA, 1 mM MTT, 0.6 mM PMS, 1 unit/ml phosphoglucose isomerase, 2 units/ml glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 0.150 mM substrate (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate). Inhibitor concentrations were varied from 0.01 μM to 10 μM. Reactions were started by the addition of 0.002 units of pure hlFBPase, and were monitored for 7 minutes at 590 nm in a Molecular Devices Plate Reader (37° C.).

The table below provides the IC₅₀ values for several compounds prepared. The IC₅₀ for AMP is 1 μM. Compound # IC₅₀ (hlFBPase), μM 3.1 0.025 3.2 0.1 3.25 0.014 3.26 0.015 3.58 82 3.67 2 3.69 1 3.70 0.04 6.3 0.044 10.1 0.12 10.27 0.038 10.43 0.07 15.20 0.04 15.14 0.032 16.1 0.06 17.6 0.62 17.11 0.78 18.3 0.05 18.11 0.33 18.20 0.039 18.25 2 25.2 0.4 28.2 2.8 41.1 0.022 Inhibition of Rat Liver FBPase

E. Coli strain BL21 transformed with a rat liver FBPase-encoding plasmid was obtained from Dr. M. R. El-Maghrabi at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Recombinant FBPase was purified as described (El-Maghrabi, M. R., and Pilkis, S. J. (1991) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 176, 137-144) The enzyme assay was identical to that described above for human liver FBPase.

The table below provides the IC₅₀ values for several compounds prepared. The IC₅₀ for AMP is 20 μM. Compound # IC₅₀ (rlFBPase), μM 3.1 0.18 3.2 2.5 3.25 0.5 3.26 0.25 3.70 0.15 6.3 0.5 10.1 2 10.2 2.5 10.27 2.9 10.43 0.8 15.2 1.3 15.4 4.1 15.6 7 15.20 0.6 15.14 0.68 16.1 1.8 18.20 0.28 18.3 0.49 41.1 0.16

Example B AMP Site Binding

To assess whether compounds bind to the allosteric AMP binding site of hlFBPase, the enzyme is incubated with radiolabeled AMP in the presence of a range of test compound concentrations. The reaction mixtures consist of 25 mM ³H-AMP (54 mCi/mmole) and 0-1000 mM test compound in 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 100 mM KCl and 1 in M MgCl₂. 1.45 mg of homogeneous FBPase (±1 mmole) is added last. After a 1 minute incubation, AMP bound to FBPase is separated from unbound AMP by means of a centrifugal ultrafiltration unit (“Ultrafree-MC”, Millipore) used according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The radioactivity in aliquots (100 μl) of the upper compartment of the unit (the retentate, which contains enzyme and label) and the lower compartment (the filtrate, which contains unbound label) is quantified using a Beckman liquid scintillation counter. The amount of AMP bound to the enzyme is estimated by comparing the counts in the filtrate (the unbound label) to the total counts in the retentate.

Example C AMP Site/Enzyme Selectivity

To determine the selectivity of compounds towards FBPase, effects of FBPase inhibitors on 5 key AMP binding enzymes were measured using the assays described below:

Adenosine Kinase. Human adenosine kinase was purified from an E. coli expression system as described by Spychala et al. (Spychala, J., Datta, N. S., Takabayashi, K., Datta, M., Fox, I. H., Gribbin, T., and Mitchell; B. S. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1232-1237). Activity was measured essentially as described by Yamada et al. (Yamada, Y., Goto, H., Ogasawara, N. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 660, 36-43.) with a few minor modifications. Assay mixtures contained 50 mM TRIS-maleate buffer, pH 7.0, 0.1% BSA, 1 mM ATP 1 mM MgCl₂, 1.0 μM [U-¹⁴C] adenosine (400-600 mCi/mmol) and varying duplicate concentrations of inhibitor. ¹⁴C-AMP was separated from unreacted ¹⁴C-adenosine by absorption to anion exchange paper (Whatman) and quantified by scintillation counting.

Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase. Porcine heart AMPDA was purified essentially as described by Smiley et al. (Smiley, K. L., Jr, Berry, A. J., and Suelter, C. H. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 2502-2506) through the phosphocellulose step. Inhibition of AMPDA activity was determined at 37° C. in a 0.1 ml assay mixture containing inhibitor, ˜0.005 U AMPDA, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, 10 mM ATP, 250 mM KCl, and 50 mM MOPS at pH 6.5. The concentration of the substrate AMP was varied from 0.125-10.0 mM. Catalysis was initiated by the addition of enzyme to the otherwise complete reaction mixture, and terminated after 5 minutes by injection into an HPLC system. Activities were determined from the amount of IMP formed during 5 minutes. IMP was separated from AMP by HPLC using a Beckman Ultrasil-SAX anion exchange column (4.6 mm×25 cm) with an isocratic buffer system (12.5 mM potassium phosphate, 30 mM KCl, pH 3.5) and detected spectrophotometrically by absorbance at 254 nm.

Phosphofructokinase. Enzyme (rabbit liver) was purchased from Sigma. Activity was measured at 30° C. in reactions in which the formation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was coupled to the oxidation of NADH via the action of aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, and a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Reaction mixtures (200 μl) were made up in 96-well microtitre plates and were read at 340 nm in a Molecular Devices Microplate Reader. The mixtures consisted of 200 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.0, 2 mM DTT, 2 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 mM NADH, 0.2 MM ATP, 0.5 mM Fructose 6-phosphate, 1 unit aldolase/ml, 3 units/ml triosephosphate isomerase, and 4 units/ml a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Test compound concentrations ranged from 1 to 500 mM. Reactions were started by the addition of 0.0025 units of phosphofructokinase and were monitored for 15 minutes.

Glycogen Phosphorylase. Enzyme (rabbit muscle) was purchased from Sigma. Activity was measured at 37° C. in reactions in which the formation of glucose 1-phosphate was coupled to the reduction of NADP via phosphoglucomutase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Assays were performed on 96-well microtitre plates and were read at 340 nm on a Molecular Devices Microplate Reader. Reaction mixtures consisted of 20 mM imidazole, pH 7.4, 20 mM MgCl₂, 150 mM potassium acetate, 5 mM potassium phosphate, 1 mM DTT, 1 mg/ml BSA, 0.1 mM NADP, 1 unit/ml phosphoglucomutase, 1 unit/ml glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 0.5% glycogen. Test compound concentrations ranged from 1 to 500 μM. Reactions were started by the addition of 17 μg enzyme and were monitored for 20 minutes.

Adenylate Kinase Enzyme (rabbit muscle) was purchase from Sigma. Activity was measured at 37° C. in reaction mixtures (100 μl) containing 100 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 45 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 100 mM KCl, 2 mg/ml BSA, 1 mM AMP and 2 mM ATP. Reactions were started by addition of 4.4 ng enzyme and terminated after 5 minutes by addition of 17 μl perchloric acid. Precipitated protein was removed by centrifugation and the supernatant neutralized by addition of 33 μl 3 M KOH/3 M KHCO₃. The neutralized solution was clarified by centrifugation and filtration and analyzed for ADP content (enzyme activity) by HPLC using a YMC ODS AQ column (25×4.6 cm). A gradient was run from 0.1 M KH₂PO₄, pH 6, 8 mM tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate to 75% acetonitrile. Absorbance was monitored at 254 nM.

The table below gives the selectivity data for compounds 10.1 and 3.1. 10.1 3.1 (μM) (μM) FBPase (inh.) 0.1 0.025 Adenosine Kinase (inh.) >>10 >>10 AMP Deaminase (inh.) >>10 >>10 Adenylate Kinase (inh.) >500 >500 Glycogen Phosphorylase (act.) >100 >100 Phosphofructokinase (act.) >500 >500

Example D Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis in Rat Hepatocytes

Hepatocytes were prepared from overnight fasted Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) according to the procedure of Berry and Friend (Berry, M. N., Friend, D. S., 1969, J. Cell. Biol. 43, 506-520) as modified by Groen (Groen, A. K., Sips, H. J., Vervoom, R. C., Tager, J. M., 1982, Eur. J. Biochem. 122, 87-93). Hepatocytes (75 mg wet weight/ml) were incubated in 1 ml Krebs-bicarbonate buffer containing 10 mM Lactate, 1 mM pyruvate, 1 mg/ml BSA, and test compound concentrations from 1 to 500 μM. Incubations were carried out in a 95% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide atmosphere in closed, 50-ml Falcon tubes submerged in a rapidly shaking water bath (37° C.). After 1 hour, an aliquot (0.25 ml) was removed, transferred to an Eppendorf tube and centrifuged. 50 μl of supernatant was then assayed for glucose content using a Sigma Glucose Oxidase kit as per the manufacturer's instructions.

IC₅₀'s for select compounds in this assay are shown in the table below. Compound IC₅₀ Glucose Production, μM 3.1 2.5 3.2 26 3.26 10 3.58 1.2 10.1 15 10.2 16 16.1 10 19.18 10 19.48 6.5 20.9 2.2 31.6 2.3 31.8 3

Example E Glucose Production Inhibition and Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Accumulation in Rat Hepatocytes

Isolated rat hepatocytes are prepared as described in Example D and incubated under the identical conditions described. Reactions are terminated by removing an aliquot (250 μl) of cell suspension and spinning it through a layer of oil (0.8 ml silicone/mineral oil, 4/1) into a 10% perchloric acid layer (100 μl). After removal of the oil layer, the acidic cell extract layer is neutralized by addition of ⅓rd volume of 3 M KOH/3 M KHCO₃. After thorough mixing and centrifugation, the supernatant is analyzed for glucose content as described in Example D, and also for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is assayed spectrophotometrically by coupling its enzymatic conversion to glycerol 3-phosphate to the oxidation of NADH, which is monitored at 340 nm. Reaction mixtures (1 ml) consist of 200 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 0.3 mM NADH, 2 units/ml glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 2 units/ml triosephosphate isomerase, and 50-100 μl cell extract. After a 30 minute preincubation at 37° C., 1 unit/ml of aldolase is added and the change in absorbance measured until a stable value is obtained. 2 moles of NADH are oxidized in this reaction per mole of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate present in the cell extract.

A dose-dependent inhibition of glucose production accompanied by a dose-dependent accumulation of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (the substrate of FBPase) is an indication that the target enzyme in the gluconeogenic pathway, FBPase, is inhibited.

Example F Blood Glucose Lowering Following Intravenous Administration to Fasted Rats

Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g) were fasted for 18 hours and then dosed intravenously either with saline or 10 mg/kg of an FBPase inhibitor. Inhibitors were dissolved in water and the solution adjusted to neutrality with NaOH. Blood samples were obtained from the tail vein of conscious animals just prior to injection and after 1 hour. Blood glucose was measured using a HemoCue Inc. glucose analyzer according to the instructions of the manufacturer.

The table below shows the % glucose lowering elicited by the compounds relative to saline-treated control animals. Compound # i.v. Glucose Lowering, % 3.1 65 3.2 55 (30 mg/kg) 3.25 76 3.26 73 3.58 82 3.71 72 6.3 24 10.1 51 10.43 61 15.20 24 18.2 80 18.3 75 35.3 65 41.1 80

Several compounds were also tested at doses <10 mg/kg. Compound 3.26, for instance, was tested at 3 mg/kg and found to lower blood glucose by 52%.

Example G Analysis of Drug Levels and Liver Accumulation in Rats

Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were fasted for 18 hours and then dosed intravenously either with saline (n=3) or 10 mgs/kg of either 10.1 or 3.1 (n=3/group). The compound was dissolved in water and the solution adjusted to neutrality with NaOH. One hour post injection rats were anesthetized with halothane and a liver biopsy (approx. 1 g) was taken as well as a blood sample (2 ml) from the posterior vena cava. A heparin flushed syringe and needle were used for blood collection. The liver sample was immediately homogenized in ice-cold 10% perchloric acid (3 ml), centrifuged, and the supernatant neutralized with ⅓rd volume of 3 M KOH/3 M KHCO₂. Following centrifugation and filtration, 50 μl of the neutralized extract was analyzed for 10.1 content by HPLC. A YMC ODS AQ column (250×4.6 cm) was used and eluted with a gradient from 10 mM sodium phosphate pH 5.5 to 75% acetonitrile. Absorbance was monitored at 310-325 nm. Plasma was prepared from the blood sample by centrifugation and extracted by addition of methanol to 60% (v/v). The methanolic extract was clarified by centrifugation and filtration and then analyzed by HPLC as described above. Results are shown in the table below. Compound # Plasma Conc. μM Liver Conc., nmoles/g 10.1   18 ± 2.8 35.6 ± 4.2 10.2   22 ± 1.5 5.1  100 ± 5.7  6.7 ± 0.7 3.21 25 ± 1 15.20 66.3 ± 3.9 13.1 ± 2.3 3.26 56 ± 2

Example H Glucose Lowering Following Oral Administration to the Fasted Rat

Compounds were administered by oral gavage to 18-hour fasted, Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g, n=3/4/group). Phosphonic acids were prepared in deionized water, and the solution adjusted to neutrality with sodium hydroxide. Prodrugs were dissolved in polyethylene glycol (mw 400). Blood glucose was measured immediately prior to dosing and at 1 hour intervals thereafter by means of a HemoCue glucose analyzer (HemoCue Inc., Mission Viejo, Calif.). The table below indicates the maximum glucose lowering achieved relative to control animals dosed with saline. Compound # % Glucose Lowering Dose, mg/kg Time point, h 3.26 70 30 2 3.27 61 60 3 10.1 55 90 3 10.2 36 90 3 19.42 26 30 3 19.48 63 30 2 19.46 53 30 2 20.9 67 90 3 31.6 60 10 3

Example I Estimation of the Oral Bioavailability of Phosphonic Acids and Their Prodrugs

Phosphonic acids were dissolved in water, and the solution adjusted to neutrality with sodium hydroxide. Prodrugs were dissolved in 10% ethanol/90% polyethlene glycol (mw 400). Compound was administered by oral gavage to 18-hour fasted Sprague-Dawley rats (220-250 g) at doses ranging from 10-50 mg/kg. The rats were subsequently placed in metabolic cages and urine was collected for 24 hours. The quantity of phosphonic acid excreted into urine was determined by HPLC analysis as described in Example G. In a separate study, urinary recovery was determined following intravenous (tail vein) administration of compound (in the case of the prodrugs, the appropriate parent phosphonic acid was administered i.v.). The percentage oral bioavailability was estimated by comparison of the recovery of compound in urine 24 hours following oral administration, to that recovered in urine 24 hours after intravenous administration.

The oral bioavailabilities of select phosphonic acids, and prodrugs of phosphonic acids are shown in the table below. Compound # % Oral bioavailability 3.1 4 3.26 18 3.27 32 10.1 21 10.2 22 19.42 10 19.9 18.5 19.17 16.2 19.48 12 20.1 46 20.3 17.5 20.4 11 20.9 17.4 31.6 19 31.8 14

Example J Blood Glucose Lowering in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats, Oral

Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats were purchased from Genetics Models Inc. (Indianapolis, Ind.) at 8 weeks of age and fed the recommended Purina 5008 diet. At the age of 12 weeks, 16 animals with fed blood glucose levels between 500 and 700 mg/dl were selected and divided into two groups (n=8) with statistically equivalent average blood glucose levels. Compound 3.26 was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg by oral gavage to one group of animals at 1 pm. The drug solution for this treatment was prepared at 25 mg/ml in deionized water and adjusted to neutrality by dropwise addition of 5 N NaOH. A second group of rats (n=8) was dosed orally with saline, in parallel. Blood glucose was measured in each rat just prior to drug or saline administration and 6 hours post administration. A HemoCue blood glucose analyzer (HemoCue Inc., Mission Viejo, Calif.) was used for these measurements according to the manufacturer's instructions. As shown in the table below, compound 3.26 treatment resulted in a 15.4% lowering of blood glucose relative to saline treated controls (p=0.01). Blood Glucose, mg/dl Treatment Group 1 pm 7 pm Saline 575 ± 28 587 ± 26 3.26 573 ± 26 497 ± 14 The data indicate that Compound 3.26 is an effective oral glucose lowering agent in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat model of type II diabetes.

Example K Blood Glucose Lowering in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats, Intravenous

12-week old Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats (Genetics Models Inc., Indianapolis, Ind.) maintained on Purina 5008 diet were instrumented with tail artery and tail vein catethers at 8 am on the day of the study. Food was removed for the remainder of the day. Starting at 12 pm, animals were infused for 6 hours via the tail vein catheter either with saline or compound 3.26 at 1, 3 or 30 mg/kg/h. Blood samples were obtained from the tail artery catheter at the start of the infusions, and at hourly intervals thereafter. Glucose was measured in the samples by means of a HemoCue analyzer (HemoCue Inc., Mission Viejo, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

At the six hour time point, infusion of 3.26 at 3 and 30 mg/kg/h resulted in significant decreases in blood glucose of 29% and 39% respectively, relative to saline-infused controls. The study shows that 3.26 is an effective glucose lowering agent when administered intravenously to the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat, a key rodent model of type II diabetes.

Example L Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis by FBPase Inhibitor in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats

Following a 6-hour infusion of 3.26 at 3 mg/kg/h or saline to Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats (n=3/group) as described in Example K, a bolus of ¹⁴C-bicarbonate (40 μCi/100 g body weight) was administered via the tail vein catheter. 20 minutes later, a blood sample (0.6 mL) was taken via the tail artery. Blood (0.5 ml) was diluted into 6 mL deionized water and protein precipitated by addition of 1 mL zinc sulfate (0.3 N) and 1 mL barium hydroxide (0.3 N). The mixture was centrifuged (20 minutes, 1000×g) and 5 mL of the resulting supernatant was then combined with 1 g of a mixed bed ion exchange resin (I part AG 50W-X8, 100-200 mesh, hydrogen form, and 2 parts AG 1-X8, 100-200 mesh, acetate form) to separate ¹⁴C-bicarbonate from ¹⁴C-glucose. The slurry was shaken at room temperature for four hours and then allowed to settle. An aliquot of the supernatant (0.5 mL) was then counted in 5 mL scintillation cocktail. The percentage inhibition of gluconeogenesis in drug-treated rats was calculated by dividing the average cpm of ¹⁴C-glucose in samples from drug-treated animals by those from saline-injected animals.

¹⁴C-Glucose production was found to be inhibited by 75% in the 3.26-infused rats. This result provides evidence that the glucose lowering activity of 3.26 in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat (Example K) is due to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis.

Example M Blood Glucose Lowering in the Streptozotocin-Treated Rat

Diabetes is induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) by intraperitoneal injection of 55 mg/kg streptozotocin (Sigma Chemical Co.). Six days later, blood glucose is measured as described in Example F. Animals are selected with fed blood glucose values (8 am) between 350 and 600 mg/dl, and divided into two groups. One group is dosed orally with compound (10-100 mg/kg) and the second with an equivalent volume of saline. Food is removed from the animals. Blood glucose is measured again after 2 and 4 hours of drug/saline administration.

Example N Oral Absorption Determinations of Prodrugs in the Rat

Prodrugs 19.42, 19.48, 31.6, and 31.8 were administered to normal, fed rats at 30 mg/kg both by intraperitoneal injection and by oral gavage (n=3 rats/compound/route of administration). Rats were subsequently placed in metabolic cages and urine collected for 24 hours. Parent compound, 3.1, was quantitated in urine by reverse phase HPLC as described in Example G. By comparison of the amount of parent compound excreted in urine following oral administration to that following intraperitoneal administration, the % oral absorption was calculated for each prodrug. Results are shown below: % % % Compound excreted p.o. excreted i.p. absorption 19.42 8.1 15.4 52 19.48 11.6 11.3 100 31.6 16.5 38.9 43 31.8 12.3 28.4 43 All four prodrugs tested were readily absorbed (43-100%) following oral administration

Example O Treatment with an FBPase Inhibitor Results in the Normalization of Hepatic Glycogen Levels in the db/db Mouse

Db/db mice and their nondiabetic db/+ littermates were obtained at 8 weeks of age (Jackson Labs., Bar Harbor, Me.) and enrolled in the study at 11 weeks of age. Db/db mice were treated orally either with saline or compound 3.26 (100 mg/kg) at 8 am and at 2 pm on the day of the study. Db/+ mice were treated with saline according to the same schedule. At 6 pm, mice were anesthetized with halothane and a small section of liver (0.5 g) was removed by the freeze-clamping technique. The liver samples were fully frozen by subsequent immersion in liquid nitrogen and then homogenized in 5 volumes of cold 0.6 N perchloric acid. Glycogen content was determined enzymatically in the homogenates by the method of Keppler and Decker (Keppler D and Decker K in Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Bergmeyer, H U, Ed., Verlag Chemie International, Deerfield Beach, Fla., 1974). Results relative to pretreatment (8 am) values determined in separate groups of mice, are shown in the table below: Liver Glycogen, μmol glucose/g Treatment Group Morning, 8 am Evening, 6 pm db/db, control 102.9 ± 1.9 (n = 3) 83.2 ± 22.5 (n = 7) db/db, 3.26 — 34.4 ± 7.1 (n = 3) db/+, control 120.2 ± 6.7 (n = 3) 15.7 ± 7.2 (n = 3) The data indicate that liver glycogen stores were not significantly reduced during the day in control (saline-treated) diabetic db/db mice, whereas there was significant glycogen mobilization in control, nondiabetic db/+ mice. Acute treatment of db/db mice with 3.26 resulted in the reduction of glycogen stores to levels that approached those of nondiabetic db/+ mice. 

1. A compound of formula (I):

wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each G is independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S, and Se, and wherein only one G may be O, S, or Se, and at most one G is N; each G′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N and wherein no more than two G′ groups are N; A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, —S(O)R³, —SO₂R³, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR³, —SR³, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, —NO₂, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, —NO₂, and halo are optionally substituted; E is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —NO₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; J is selected from the group consisting of —H and null; X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R⁵ and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein there is no N in the linking group unless it is connected directly to a carbonyl or in the ring of a heterocycle; and wherein X is not a 2 carbon atom -alkyl- or -alkenyl- group; with the proviso that X is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃R¹, or —PO₃R¹ ₂; Y is independently selected from the group consisting of —O—, and —NR⁶—; when Y is —O—, then R¹ attached to —O— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, —C(R²)₂OC(O)NR² ₂, —NR²—C(O)—R³, —C(R²)₂—OC(O)R³, —C(R²)₂—O—C(O)OR³, —C(R²)₂OC(O)SR³, -alkyl-S—C(O)R³, -alkyl-S—S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S—S—S-alkylhydroxy, when Y is —NR⁶—, then R¹ attached to —NR⁶— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—COOR³, —C(R⁴)₂COOR³, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—C(O)SR, and -cycloalkylene-COOR³; or when either Y is independently selected from —O— and —NR⁶—, then together R¹ and R¹ are -alkyl-S—S-alkyl- to form a cyclic group, or together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein V, W, and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, optionally 1 heteroatom, substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y attached to the phosphorus; together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus; together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; Z is selected from the group consisting of —CHR²OH, —CHR²OC(O)R³, —CHR²OC(S)R³, —CHR²OC(S)OR³, —CHR²OC(O)SR³, —CHR²OCO₂R³, —OR², —SR², —CHR²N₃, —CH₂aryl, —CH(aryl)OH, —CH(CH═CR² ₂)OH, —CH(C≡CR²)OH, —R², —NR₂, —OCOR³, —OCO₂R³, —SCOR³, —SCO₂R³, —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —CH₂NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(p)—OR², and —(CH₂)_(p)—SR²; p is an integer 2 or 3; q is an integer 1 or 2; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W′ are not all —H; and b) when Z is —R², then at least one of V, W, and W′ is not —H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alicyclic; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; and with the provisos that: 1) when G′ is N, then the respective A, B, D, or E is null; 2) at least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected from the group consisting of —H or null; 3) when R⁵ is a six-membered ring, then X is not any 2 atom linker, an optionally substituted -alkyl-, an optionally substituted -alkenyl-, an optionally substituted -alkyloxy-, or an optionally substituted -alkylthio-; 4) when G is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom; 5) R¹ is not unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl; 6) when X is not an -aryl- group, then R⁵ is not substituted with two or more aryl groups; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is of formula (X):

wherein: G″ is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —S—; A², L², E², and J² are selected from the group consisting of —NR⁴ ₂, —NO₂—H, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —SO₂R³, guanidinyl, amidinyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —SCN, —NHSO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁴ ₂, —CN, —S(O)R³, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, C1-C5 alkyl, C2-C5 alkenyl, C2-C5 alkynyl, and lower alicyclic, or together L² and E² or E² and J² form an annulated cyclic group; X² is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 1-3 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S and the remaining atoms are carbon, and wherein in the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom; with the proviso that X² is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃R¹, or —PO₃R¹ ₂; Y is independently selected from the group consisting of —O—, and —NR⁶—; when Y is —O—, then R¹ attached to —O— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, —C(R²)₂OC(O)NR² ₂, —NR²—C(O)—R³, —C(R²)₂—OC(O)R³, —C(R²)₂—O—C(O)OR³, —C(R²)₂OC(O)SR³, -alkyl-S—C(O)R³, -alkyl-S—S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S—S—S-alkylhydroxy, when Y is —NR⁶—, then R¹ attached to —NR⁶— is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—COOR³, —C(R⁴)₂COOR³, —[C(R²)₂]_(q)—C(O)SR³, and -cycloalkylene-COOR³; or when either Y is independently selected from —O— and —NR⁶—, then together R¹ and R¹ are -alkyl-S—S-alkyl- to form a cyclic group, or together R¹ and R¹ are

wherein V, W, and W′ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, optionally 1 heteroatom, substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y attached to the phosphorus; together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus; together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; together W and W′ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-2 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; Z is selected from the group consisting of —CHR²OH, —CHR²OC(O)R³, —CHR²OC(S)R³, —CHR²OC(S)OR³, —CHR²OC(O)SR³, —CHR²OCO₂R³, —OR², —SR², —CHR²N₃, —CH₂aryl, —CH(aryl)OH, —CH(CH═CR² ₂)OH, —CH(C≡CR²)OH, —R², —NR² ₂, —OCOR³, —OCO₂R³, —SCOR³, —SCO₂R³, —NHCOR², —NHCO₂R³, —CH₂NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(p)—OR², and —(CH₂)_(p)—SR²; p is an integer 2 or 3; q is an integer 1 or 2; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W′ are not all —H; and b) when Z is —R², then at least one of V, W, and W′ is not —H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alicyclic; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs or salts thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is of formula XI:

wherein: E² is selected from the group consisting of —NR⁴ ₂ and lower alkyl; L² is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃ and H; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs or salts thereof.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is of formula XII:

wherein: B′ is a lower alkyl; X is furan-2,5-diyl; or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs or salts thereof.
 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, and 1,3-selenazolyl, all of which contain at least one substituent.
 6. The compound of claim 1 wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ perhaloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR⁴, —SR⁴, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR² ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; E is selected from the group consisting of —H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, aryl, C₄-C₆ alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR², —OR³, —SR³, C₁-C₆ perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; and each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and C₁-C₂ alkyl.
 7. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁵ is:


8. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁵ is:


9. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein A″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ perhaloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR³, —SR³, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, and —NHAc; B″ and D″ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; E″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₄-C₆ alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, C₁-C₆ perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; and each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H and C₁-C₂ alkyl.
 10. The compound of claim 9 wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:


11. The compound of claim 9, wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:


12. The compound of claim 8 wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:


13. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted.
 14. The compound of claim 13 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -heteroaryl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl-.
 15. The compound of claim 1 wherein said compound is a compound of formulae II, III, or IV


16. A method of inhibiting an FBPase comprising contacting a FBPase with a compound according to claim
 1. 17. A method of treating diabetes comprising administering a compound according to claim 1 to a mammal in an amount effective to treat diabetes.
 18. A method of treating a disease or condition comprising the administration of a composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 to a mammal.
 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein said disease or condition is selected from excess glycogen storage diseases, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemic injury, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia.
 20. A method of reducing gluconeogenesis comprising the administration of a composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 to a mammal. 